<p>Mnajdra  is a megalithic temple complex found on the southern coast of the Mediterranean island of Malta. Mnajdra is approximately 500 metres from the Ħaġar Qim megalithic complex. Mnajdra was built around the fourth millennium BCE; the Megalithic Temples of Malta are among the most ancient religious sites on Earth, described by the World Heritage Sites committee as "unique architectural masterpieces." In 1992 UNESCO recognized the Mnajdra complex and four other Maltese megalithic structures as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. In 2009 work was completed on a protective tent.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Mnajdra is made of coralline limestone, which is much harder than the soft globigerina limestone of Ħaġar Qim. The main structural systems used in the temples are corbelling with smaller stones, and post and lintel construction using large slabs of limestone.</p><br>
<p>The cloverleaf plan of Mnajdra appears more regular than that of Ħagar Qim, and seems reminiscent of the earlier complex at Ggantija. The prehistoric structure consists of three conjoined but not connected temples: the upper, middle and lower.</p><br>
<p>The upper temple is the oldest structure in the Mnajdra complex and dates to the Ggantija phase (3600-3200 BC). It is a three-apsed building, the central apse opening blocked by a low screen wall. The pillar-stones were decorated with pitmarks drilled in horizontal rows on the inner surface.</p><br>
<p>The middle temple was built (or possibly rebuilt) in the late Tarxien phase (3150 – 2500 BC), the main central doorway of which is formed by a hole cut into a large piece of limestone set upright, a type of construction typical of other megalithic doorways in Malta. This temple appears originally to have had a vaulted ceiling, but only the base of the ceiling now remain on top of the walls and, in fact, is the most recent structure. It is formed of slabs topped by horizontal courses.</p><br>
<p>The lowest temple, built in the early Tarxien phase, is the most impressive and possibly the best example of Maltese megalithic architecture. It has a large forecourt containing stone benches, an entrance passage covered by horizontal slabs, one of which has survived, and the remains of a possibly domed roof. The temple is decorated with spiral carvings and indentations, and pierced by windows, some into smaller rooms and one onto an arrangement of stones.</p><br>
<h2>Functions</h2><br>
<p>The lowest temple is astronomically aligned and thus was probably used as an astronomical observation and/or calendrical site. On the vernal and the autumnal equinox sunlight passes through the main doorway and lights up the major axis. On the solstices sunlight illuminates the edges of megaliths to the left and right of this doorway.</p><br>
<p>Although there are no written records to indicate the purpose of these structures, archaeologists have inferred their use from ceremonial objects found within them: sacrificial flint knives and rope holes that were possibly used to constrain animals for sacrifice (since various animal bones were found). These structures were not used as tombs since no human remains were found. The temples contain furniture such as stone benches and tables that give clues to their use. Many artifacts were recovered from within the temples suggesting that these temples were used for religious purposes, perhaps to heal illness and/or to promote fertility.</p><br>
<h2>Solar calendar</h2><br>
<p>Recent research shows that this was primarily a solar year calendar and astronomical observatory. The design, based on the principle of the camera obscura, was the result of long evolution from the earliest archaic design, such as the small unit at the site. The image of the sunrise was translated mathematically into a linear passage of days. In the archaic design this was done in the central apse which converted sinusoidal movement of the image of the sunrise on the horizon into a linear progression. In the evolved design the solstice stone translated sinusoidal movement into linear directly and more accurately. Besides calendric information, the later design was found to enable forecasting of the solstice date (and hour) with surprising accuracy.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations and recent history</h2><br>
<p>The excavations of the Mnajdra temples were performed under the direction of J.G. Vance in 1840, one year after the discovery of Ħagar Qim. In 1910, Dr. Thomas Ashby performed further investigations which resulted in the collection of the important archaeological material. Further excavations were performed in December 1949, in which two small statues, two large bowls, tools and one large spherical stone, which was probably used to move the temple&#39;s large stones, were discovered.</p><br>
<p>The temple was included on the Antiquities List of 1925.</p><br>
<p>Mnajdra was vandalized on 13 April 2001, when at least three people armed with crowbars toppled or broke about 60 megaliths, and inscribed graffiti on them. The attack was called "the worst act of vandalism ever committed on the island of Malta" by UNESCO. The damage to the temples was initially considered as irreparable, but they were restored using new techniques making it difficult to tell where the megaliths had been damaged. The temples were reopened to the public in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The 1, 2 and 5 cent Maltese euro coins, minted since 2008, bear a representation of the Mnajdra temples on their obverse side.</p><br>
<p>A protective shelter was constructed around Mnajdra (along with Ħaġar Qim) in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Xerris Grotto  is an underground cave in the village of Xagħra, Gozo, Malta. It was discovered by local resident Anthony Xerri in 1923 or 1924 while digging a well under a private house. Xerris Grotto is not far from another underground feature, Ninu&#39;s Cave.</p><br>
<p>The grotto is larger than Ninus Cave. It contains various calcified formations, including stalactites and stalagmites, some of which resemble a tortoise, a vulture, giraffes or elephants ears. Some other formations which developed as a result of the calcification of tree roots can also be seen.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the cave is down a 10m spiral staircase, built into the original well shaft. The cave was extended during World War II when the family used it as an air raid shelter.</p><br>
<p>Today, the cave is illuminated by electric lights, and is open to the public with tours being given by the owners of the house.</p><br>
<p>Ninus Cave is an underground cave in the village of Xagħra, Gozo, Malta. Ninus Cave was discovered by local resident Joseph Rapa in 1888 while digging a well under a private house. Ninus Cave is not far from another underground feature, Xerris Grotto.</p><br>
<p>The cave is formed in upper coralline limestone. It has many natural stalactites and stalagmites, and also a few helictites. Many of these formations are dry, with the same colour as the surrounding rock, but a few are semi-transparent.</p><br>
<p>It also had soda straws, but these have been broken off.</p><br>
<p>The cave is entered by a 4m descent down a spiral staircase, which ends in a large chamber of approximately 20m by 8m. Ninu&#39;s Cave is illuminated by electric lights, and is open to the public all year round.</p><br>
<p>Hogenakkal is a waterfall in South India on the Kaveri river in the Dharmapuri district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located 180 km from Bangalore and 46 km from Dharmapuri. Sometimes referred to as the "Niagara Falls of India," it is known for medicinal baths and hide boat rides, projecting itself as a major tourist attraction. Carbonatite rocks in this site are considered to be the oldest of its kind in South Asia and one of the oldest in the world. The Government of Tamil Nadu made a proposal to convert the falls into providing drinking water for the state.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The word Hogenakal is formed of two Kannada words hoge and kal. When the water falls on the rocks it appears as if hoge (smoke) is emanating from the top of the kal (rock) because of the force of the water, hence Hogenakkal (smoking rocks). It is also called as Marikottayam by the people of Tamil Nadu.</p><br>
<h2>River</h2><br>
<p>The Kaveri is considered to form at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri hills in the Western Ghats of south India and gathers momentum as the land drops in elevation. It becomes larger as various tributaries feed into it on the way down. At Hogenakkal, the Kaveri, now a large river, drops and creates numerous waterfalls as the water cuts through the rocky terrain. In places the water falls as much as 20 m and is said to sound like continual thunder. Soon after the falls the river takes a southerly course and enters the Mettur Stanley Reservoir. The river carries sediment which makes the downriver land fertile.</p><br>
<p>At Hogenakkal the river spreads out over a wide area of sandy beaches, then flows through to the Mettur Dam and creates a 60 square miles. lake called Stanley Reservoir. Built in 1934, this project improved irrigation and provided hydropower.</p><br>
<h2>Weather</h2><br>
<p>The best season to visit is soon after the monsoons, when the river is in full spate. But some tourists prefer to visit during off-season to skip the crowd. The temperature in summer varies between 23 - while during the winter it is still pleasant and ranges from 13 -.</p><br>
<h2>Boating</h2><br>
<p>Boating in Hogenakkal is allowed during the dry-season as the water falls are not strong enough to disrupt the passage of the boats. This is the main source of income for these boat operators. The coracles are about 2.24 m in diameter, but still can take a load of eight persons at a time. These coracles are made of bamboo, and with all materials available takes about a day to build. The bottom of the boats are made waterproof by the use of hides, but sometimes with sheets of plastic. Use of plastics in the Hogenakkal vicinity, not just for boats, has been criticised due to problems with pollution. These boats are steered and propelled using a single paddle, making them unique. The coracles are locally called parisal in Tamil and either teppa or harigolu in Kannada.</p><br>
<p>Freshly caught fish are sold by the gorge and also various vendors selling water and snacks up and down the gorge rowing their coracles is not uncommon. The fish caught include katla, robu, kendai, keluthi, valai, mirgal, aranjan and jilaby. After leaving the gorge, on the left shore one can find improvised stalls set up on the sand. There, one can let the fresh fishes be prepared in one of the many kitchens. Also, many people can be found swimming or bathing around there.</p><br>
<h2>Hogenakkal water project</h2><br>
<p>Hogenakal Falls is the location for the Hogenakkal Integrated Drinking Water Project proposed by the Tamil Nadu Government. The objective of this project is to provide safe drinking water to the urban and rural areas in Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts. In February 2008, The Japan Bank for International Cooperation agreed to fund the Rs 1,340-crore project.</p><br>
<p>Pindari Kanda Traill&#39;s Pass  is a mountain pass through the Himalayas located between Nanda Devi and Nanda Kot peaks in the Uttarakhand state in the districts of Pithoragarh and Bageshwar in India.</p><br>
<p>It is situated at the end of Pindari glacier and links Pindari valley to Milam valley (Lawan Gad) and is said to be very difficult to cross. The pass was reached in 1830 by G.W. Traill, the first British Deputy Commissioner of Kumaon division. In 1926, it was crossed by Hugh Ruttledge.</p><br>
<p>People from Johar Valley and Pindar Valley attempted to cross it for trade. Budha Malak Singh of Supi village of Bageshwar District of Uttarakhand State was the first man to cross it 1830 after 100 years. Later Mr. Trail also attempted to cross the pass but failed, though the pass was since then named as Trail’s Pass, earlier it was called "Pindari Kanda". Trail&#39;s Pass (el. 5,312 m) is a mountain pass through the Himalayas located between the unnamed southern shoulder of Mt. Nanda Devi East and Changuch (Western shoulder of Mt.Nanda Kot) peaks in Uttarakhand state in the districts of Bageshwar and Pithoragarh. It is situated at the head of Pindari glacier and Trails pass bridges Pindari Valley with LwanValley (Nandadevi East Base camp) and is said to be very difficult to cross. Though Pindari glacier is visited by many people every year, yet Trail’s Pass, which is at its top remains an elusive goal.</p><br>
<p>By Himalayan standards, the Pindari glacier and the Trail’s Pass do not match most of the giants. The Pindari is neither the largest nor the longest of the glaciers nor is the Trail’s Pass, at its head, the highest of passes. However, Pindari has been the most frequently visited Himalayan glacier since the mid-19th century when a bridle-path with dak bungalows at suitable intervals between there and Almora was built. Even today, it is so popular a trekking destination that a tenfold increase in the number of beds available is unable to cope with the influx.</p><br>
<p>What faces a visitor to Pindari glacier at the Zero Point, along its left lateral moraine, is an immense wall of jagged, broken ice criss¬crossed with thousands of seracs and crevasses. The upper icefields of the glacier are invisible from there and the near level ice mass at its lower end at the snout below recedes into insignificance. What people call the Pindari glacier is actually a huge icefall passing over a steep slope, through which a direct ascent has yet to be made. Above this lie the icefields of the surrounding heights and the névé basin of the glacier, some 8 km long, separated from the ridge above with a text-book fashion bergschrund. The lowest point on the ridge at 5312 m is the Trail’s Pass. Beyond the pass to the north and east lies the Lwan valley whose catchment is the Gori ganga valley.</p><br>
<p>Pindar river which forms the main tributary of river Alaknanda which further joins the Bhagirathi to form The Ganges at Dev Prayag.</p><br>
<p>Since 1830, Trail’s pass has been attempted by more than 90 teams, till now only 17 teams are known to have attained success.</p><br>
<p>Teams are listed below:</p><br>
<p>SNO. YEAR TEAM</p><br>
<p>1 1830 Malak Singh, Supi, Bageshwar.</p><br>
<p>2 1855 Adolf Schlagintweit</p><br>
<p>3 1861 Captain Ed Smyth</p><br>
<p>4 1899 Kurt Buch</p><br>
<p>5 1926 Hughe Ruttledge with wife</p><br>
<p>6 1930 Hughe Stenlorge</p><br>
<p>7 1931 Devan Singh Martolia</p><br>
<p>8 1936 August Gansser</p><br>
<p>9 1941 S.S. khera</p><br>
<p>10 1994 Nainital Mountaineering Club Nanital.</p><br>
<p>11 2009 Martin Moran, England June</p><br>
<p>12 2009 Bhadreswar Pathfinder Adventurers (in Sept.)</p><br>
<p>13 2013 Himalpinist -Dhruv Joshi, Bharat Bhushan & Vineet kumar Saini (MAY-JUNE) first smallest team so far http://www.himalpinist.com</p><br>
<p>14 2015 Dhruv Joshi, Ulrich - Karen Rauner (SEPT-OCT)</p><br>
<p>15 2016 HITAM (himalaya trekkers and mountaineer) largest group till date (12-members, 11- porters) (sept-oct)</p><br>
<p>16 2017 Major Chirag Chatterjee and team, Indian Army. (6 members) (SEPT)</p><br>
<p>17 2017 Himalpinist-Dhruv Joshi, Narendra Kumar, Ravi Bangera, Prashant Sawant, Aberrant Wanderers - Sanket Patil (Sept-Oct) second smallest team</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Kitterland  is an islet in the Calf Sound between the Isle of Man and the Calf of Man in the Irish Sea.</p><br>
<p>Kitterland is currently owned by the Manx National Trust and has a wealth of bird and marine wildlife. Kitterland is uninhabited and is in the parish of Rushen. It is called Famman Kitterland in Manx, which roughly translates as "Tail of the Rocky Isle." Its area is less than 4 hectare.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Legend says that the islet was named after the Norwegian Baron Kitter who supposedly ruled the Isle of Man. After killing all the deer, bison and elk on the mainland, he sailed to the Calf of Man to hunt there. While on the Calf his castle at Barrule was accidentally set on fire. Seeing his house in flames across the water he rushed back, but his boat foundered and he drowned. The islet was named after this accident.</p><br>
<p>According to a Manx legend, Baron Kitter&#39;s hunting wiped out all the animals of the Calf, and the people of Mann were afraid he would begin hunting their own beasts. So, they asked the wisest witches of the island to help them. One day while Baron Kitter was on the isle of Calf, his cook Eaoch of the Loud Voice fell asleep. The witch Ada put a spell on the pot so that it boiled over, setting the castle on fire.</p><br>
<p>Kitters friends, who had stayed on the Calf, decided that Eaoch had plotted with the witch to kill off the Norwegians and had him brought before the Norwegian-born King Olaf, who sentenced him to death. Norwegian custom allowed him to choose the manner of his own death, so Eaoch said he wished to have his head laid across the kings legs and cut off with the kings own sword, which was named Macabuin. It was made by Loan Maclibuin the Dark Smith of Drontheim, and could cut the through hardest granite just by touching it. The Norwegians begged the king to refuse, but he would not break his word and gave orders to proceed. However, the witch Ada was there, and told them to lay nine times nine toads skins, cuirn tree twigs and adders eggs across the kings legs. When the sword was laid gently on Eaochs neck, it instantly cut it off and cut through the adders eggs and the cuirn tree twigs as well - only the toads skins saved the kings legs.</p><br>
<p>Yerupajá is a mountain of the Huayhuash mountain range in west central Peru, part of the Andes. At 6,635 m  it is the second-highest in Peru and the highest in the Huayhuash mountain range. The summit is the highest point in the Amazon River watershed, and was first reached in 1950 by Jim Maxwell and Dave Harrah, and its northern peak  in 1968 by the Wellingtonian Roger Bates and Graeme Dingle.</p><br>
<p>Many visitors consider Yerupajá to be the most spectacular peak in South America.</p><br>
<p>There have been only a few successful ascents of the peak because it is one of the hardest Andean high peaks to climb. The most popular route is the southwest face. The approach is normally made from Huaraz southwards via Chiquián and Jahuacocha.</p><br>
<h2>Notable ascents</h2><br>
<p>1950 Southern flank of West Face FAof peak by David Harrah and James Maxwell.</p><br>
<p>1966 Direct West Face 2nd ascent of peak, FA of route over 13 days by Leif Patterson and Jorge Peterek.</p><br>
<p>1968 Northeast Face FA of route by Chris Jones and Paul Dix (summit, July 30), supported by Dean Caldwell and Roger Hart (all US).</p><br>
<p>1969 East Face by Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler.</p><br>
<p>Bering Glacier is a glacier in the U.S. state of Alaska. It currently terminates in Vitus Lake south of Alaska’s Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, about 10 km from the Gulf of Alaska. Combined with the Bagley Icefield, where the snow that feeds the glacier accumulates, the Bering is the largest glacier in North America. Warmer temperatures and changes in precipitation over the past century have thinned the Bering Glacier by several hundred meters. Since 1900 the terminus has retreated as much as 12 km. The Bering Glacier exhibits "surges", acceleration events of the flow rate of the glacier, every 20 years or so. During these periods the glacier terminus advances. The surges are generally followed by periods of retreat, so despite the periodic advances the glacier has been shrinking overall. Most glaciers along the Alaskan coast have been retreating along with the Bering Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The glacial retreat has an interesting side effect, an increase in the frequency of earthquakes in the region. The Wrangell and St. Elias mountain ranges that spawn the Bering Glacier were created by the collision of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates the Pacific Plate is sliding underneath (being subducted by) the North American Plate. The weight of the vast amount of ice in the Bering Glacier is enough to depress the Earth&#39;s crust, stabilizing the boundary between the two plates. As the glaciers lose mass, the pressure of the ice is diminished. This reduced compression allows the rocks along faults to move more freely, resulting in more earthquakes.</p><br>
<p>Scientists from the Michigan Tech Research Institute, working with U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Bureau of Land Management have recently discovered that the glacier is releasing approximately 30 km3 of water a year, more than twice the amount of water in the entire Colorado River.</p><br>
<p>Meltwater at the terminus collects in Vitus Lake, which flows via the Seal River to the Gulf of Alaska.</p><br>
<p>Lake Carnegie is a large ephemeral lake in the Shire of Wiluna in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. The lake is named after David Carnegie, who explored much of inland Western Australia in the 1890s. A similar lake lies to its south east - Lake Wells.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lake Carnegie is predominately surrounded by desert environments.</p><br>
<p>It lies east of Wiluna and is at the southern edge of the Little Sandy Desert and south western border of the Gibson Desert. It is to the north-east of Leonora. It also lies to the north west of the Great Central Road and the Great Victoria Desert. It lies to the north of the main goldfields region of Western Australia.Western Australia. Dept. of Mines.</p><br>
<p>Title. Litho. no. 114. Sheet 3, 1906.Notes Shows roads, tracks, stock routes, railroads, topography and mining area boundaries. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights.1.10.06" Covers in the East from Doolgunna south to Lakes Barlee and Giles to a western line from Lake Carnegie south to Edjudina Soak. Held in Battye Library</p><br>
<p>The lake is approximately 100 km in length and approximately 30 km at its widest part. It has a total area of approximately 5,714 km&sup2, making it one of the largest lakes in Australia. The surface elevation is 439 m above mean sea-level.</p><br>
<p>It fills with water only during very rare periods of significant rainfall, such as during the huge 1900 floods and in numerous recent tropical wet seasons when the monsoon and tropical cyclones have been moved south by recent climate change. In dry years, it is reduced to a muddy marsh.</p><br>
<p>In 1973 Tropical Cyclone Kerry crossed the north-west coast and moved south-west as far as the northern goldfields. Nearby pastoral leases such as Windidda Station received falls of 310 mm and Prenti Downs received 209 mm over a four-day period. The run-off was enormous, causing widespread flooding, with the Lake overflowing, leaving the area between Carnegie and Wiluna being described as "one huge lake".</p><br>
<p>Water entering the lake, unlike in more easterly playas of the Australian arid zone, does not come from well-defined river channels since the soils of the region are so weathered – lacking tectonic or glacial activity since the Carboniferous ice ages – that sediment is completely absent and the terrain so flat that only the most unweatherable rocks remain on the surface and well-defined river channels cannot form, especially since the extreme age of the soils and consequent high rooting density of native flora limits runoff to an extreme extent.</p><br>
<h2>Pastoral leases</h2><br>
<p>The lake area is bounded by Windidda, Yelma, Wongawel, Niminga, Carnegie and Prenti Downs pastoral leases, otherwise known in Western Australia as stations.</p><br>
<p>White Lake is the name of several lakes in the U.S. state of Michigan. The largest one is formed by the White River flowing to its mouth on Lake Michigan in Muskegon County.</p><br>
<h2>Muskegon County</h2><br>
<p>The largest White Lake is in Muskegon County, Michigan, formed by the White River near its mouth on Lake Michigan. The city of Montague, Montague Township and White River Township are on the north side of the lake. The city of Whitehall, Whitehall Township, and Fruitland Township are on the south side of the lake. The unincorporated community of Wabaningo is situated where the lake flows through a short navigation channel into Lake Michigan at 43&deg;22&prime;31&Prime;N latitude, 86&deg;25&prime;36&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<h2>Others</h2><br>
<p>Other smaller lakes are located in the following counties:</p><br>
<p>The next largest is in Oakland County, Michigan, within White Lake Township, Michigan at 42&deg;40&prime;07&Prime;N latitude, 83&deg;33&prime;49&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>Other White Lakes are in</p><br>
<p>Calhoun County, Michigan in Clarence Township, Michigan at 42&deg;22&prime;06&Prime;N latitude, 84&deg;44&prime;13&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>Jackson County, Michigan in Henrietta Township, Michigan at 42&deg;21&prime;31&Prime;N latitude, 84&deg;20&prime;46&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>Lenawee County, Michigan in Cambridge Township, Michigan at 42&deg;02&prime;58&Prime;N latitude, 84&deg;13&prime;38&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>Larrun  is a mountain  at the western end of the Pyrenees. It is located on the border of France and Spain, where the traditional Basque provinces of Labourd and Navarra meet. Its prominence is 670 m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Larrun holds an iconic place in Basque culture. It is covered in dolmens, stone circles and other neolithic monuments and was held to be a sacred place in Basque mythology. It was said to be the home of Lehensugea, the first serpent. Later, and perhaps as a consequence of the ancient sacred sites, the summit had a reputation as an akelarre or ritual meeting place for witches. Up until the 18th century, local villages paid for a monk to live as a hermit at the top of the mountain to keep witches away and ensure good winds.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was used by French troops as a defensive position towards the end of the Peninsular War, but Wellingtons forces drove those of Marshal Soult off the mountain during the Battle of Nivelle on November 10, 1813, this action leaving France open for Wellingtons successful march north to Paris.</p><br>
<p>Larrun and the local area were notable smuggling routes used for centuries, including for refugees during the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Smuggling was of such importance that a local tale tells that the mountain was covered by gold until evil men came to take it away. They burned the trees on the mountain to reach the gold, but the metal melted and flowed away.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Larrun is now a popular site for walks and hikes and is the first peak encountered on the coast-to-coast Haute Randonnée Pyrénéenne (HRP) walking route. A rack railway, the Petit train de la Rhune, takes visitors to the top of the mountain from the French side. Cows, a few pottok ponies and manech sheep wander the slopes.</p><br>
<p>Many inns and restaurants bear its name and its distinctive shape adorn many souvenirs and logos.</p><br>
<p>Koh Rong , is the second largest island of Cambodia. The word Rong might refer to an old term for cave or tunnel , although some islanders say Rong refers to a historical person&#39;s name. It can also refer to the old Khmer word for shelter, adding up to Shelter Island.</p><br>
<p>Located in Commune (Sangkat) No. 5, or Sangkat Koh Rong of the Mittakpheap district in Sihanoukville Province about 25 km off the coast in the Gulf of Thailand, the island has an area of approximately 78 km&sup2; and 43 km of its entire coastline of 61 km are beaches. Four village communities exist on the island: Koh Tuich, Doeum D&#39;keuw, Prek Svay and Sok San. In recent years the island has become home to an increasing but still moderate number of foreign-run guesthouses and bungalow resorts. As the island&#39;s South-Eastern tip around Koh Tuich Village is the point of arrival it has developed into the island&#39;s largest settlement center. In absence of even the most basic infrastructure, transport by boat is required to all settlements and holiday resorts, which are scattered over the many beaches.</p><br>
<p>Koh Rong island is a relatively new commune, only established in 2000. In order to boost development, Koh Rong has had a land concession issued by the Cambodian government. A Cambodian consortium, the Royal Group has been granted a 99-year lease. In 2008 it revealed plans to build "Asia&#39;s first environmentally planned resort island."</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Koh Rong is the biggest of the islands off the coast of Sihanoukville in the Gulf of Thailand. It stretches from south-east to north-west, is roughly elongate shaped and it encompasses an area of 78 km&sup2;. The terrain is predominantly hilly with a sizable mountain 316 m at the island’s north-west. The hills provide water for countless creeks and estuaries. The island’s interior is almost completely forested, concealing a number of seasonal waterfalls. Koh Rong has around 43 km of delicate beaches. There are no less than 23 beaches of varying length and coloration—from (predominantly) white to beige to rose-colored sands—along most of the coastline. Bays, protruding capes and impressive sandstone rock formations contribute to the island&#39;s scenic panorama. The southern coastline, exposed to the weather and open sea, is particularly spectacular, whereas the eastern coast, which faces towards the land, is characterized by a sequence of smooth hills, gently sloping towards the numerous crescent-shaped beaches, inlets and bays. Several small islets and many reefs provide an abundance of natural environments for a great variety of marine life. The center of the island is a flat "belt" of sediments that joins the two hilly massifs of the south-east and north-west. Here is a small savanna—the result of human activities and cultivation.</p><br>
<p>Although most of the island&#39;s surface is still covered in forest, many years of illegal logging have seriously affected the quality and health of the jungle. Huge, old and slow-growing hardwood trees have become rare, the original arboreal variety is vanishing and gradually being replaced by commercial mono cultures, such as coco and oil palms, in particular along the coast and in the lowlands.</p><br>
<p>Tiny Koh Tuich island lies off the south-east and the twin islands of Koh Bong-Po&#39;own or Koh Song-Saa lie off the north-east of Koh Rong. To its south lies the uninhabited island of Koh Koun, followed by Koh Rong Sanloem island. These five islands comprise the Sangkat Koh Rong or Commune 5 of Mittakpheap District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was governed by the Navy authority for five miles around the island during 1979 to 2000. Since 2000 the Department of Fisheries is the principal government agency responsible for management of living aquatic resources. It cooperates with local authorities, communities, local fishers, and NGOs, to manage and conserve the resources.</p><br>
<p>Henri Mouhot on his way from Bangkok to Kampot, a day and a half before arrival, in Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China, 1864:</p><br>
<h2>Settlements and infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>There are four distinguishable villages on Koh Rong—Koh Tuich Village in the south-east, Prek Svay in the north-east, Daem Thkov (Sangkat Village) in the east, and Sok San Village in the west. Most local residents live from fishing (70%) and small scale crop cultivation (30%), although an increasing number has found jobs in the quickly growing tourism sector. This is particularly true for Koh Tuich Village, where tourist businesses currently outnumber residential homes.</p><br>
<p>Apart from narrow paths in the jungle—many of these are dead ends that had been created by illegal loggers—there exists absolutely no road network. The islands interior remains non-populated, villages and holiday resorts are confined to the coast and the beaches. Conveniently all transport goes via sea routes. , local residents and visitors can take advantage of a well-functioning ferry network.</p><br>
<p>Extensive road clearings do foreshadow the island&#39;s future as a major tourist destination, yet as the developer&#39;s Chinese investment partner has dropped out of the team, funding remains uncertain. The Ministry of Tourism has expressed indirect discontent and is likely to cancel development licenses, if these important islands are left undeveloped.</p><br>
<p>In September 2012 the island was hooked up with the internet to Sihanoukville on the main land. The Royal Group dropped a fiber-glass cable in the gulf&#39;s waters—a distance of almost 30 kilometers. Still, none of the infrastructural projects are yet under way and according to The Phnom Penh Post: "plans are foggy".</p><br>
<h2>''Survivor''</h2><br>
<p>The island has also played host to the popular reality program Survivor. In 2012, Koh-Lanta, the French edition of the program, produced a special All-Star edition (titled  Koh-Lanta: Revenge of the Heroes) on Koh Rong, near Sok San village. Production returned to the island in 2013 for a regular edition (Koh-Lanta: Cambodia), but production ended abruptly after the death of a contestant. Koh-Lanta returned to the island in 2016 for another regular edition (Koh-Lanta: Island of Treasure).</p><br>
<p>More recently, the American edition of Survivor produced Season 31 (Survivor: Cambodia—Second Chance) and 32 (Survivor: Kaôh Rōng—Brains vs Brawn vs Beauty) of the program on Koh Rong over the course of four months between March and July 2015. The sixteenth edition of Expedition Robinson, Sweden&#39;s Survivor, was also filmed on Koh Rong.</p><br>
<p>Aurora is a ghost town in Mineral County in the west central part of the US state of Nevada, approximately 22 mi southwest of the town of Hawthorne, three miles from the California border.</p><br>
<p>Today the townsite is much diminished, having been damaged by vandals. After World War II many of the buildings were razed for their brick.</p><br>
<p>The road to Aurora was once difficult to navigate except via four-wheel drive, as the winter snows and spring run-off damaged the road in the canyon leading to the town. In recent years the operations of a nearby mine have improved the road so that even non-4WD vehicles can reach the town site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James M. Cory, James M. Braly and E.R. Hicks founded the town in 1860.</p><br>
<p>At one point its population was approximately 10,000. Aurora&#39;s mines produced $27 million worth of gold by 1869. The town was governed by both California and Nevada until it was determined that the town lay entirely in Nevada. At one point it was simultaneously the county seat of both Mono County, California and Esmeralda County, Nevada. Its California assemblyman was the speaker of the house while the Nevada legislative member was elected as president of the Nevada Territorial Legislature.</p><br>
<p>The town cemetery has suffered from vandalism over the years. The most notable destruction was the headstone of William E. Carder, a notorious criminal and gunfighter who, on the night of December 10, 1864 was "assassinated" by a man whom he had threatened in the preceding days. The headstone erected by his wife Annie was toppled by thieves who attempted to steal it, and broken into several pieces, where they now lie sunken into the ground.</p><br>
<h2>Rise of Aurora</h2><br>
<p>Soon after its founding, a small crowd of miners quickly moved into the area after hearing about the deposits in the area. Crude homes and businesses were constructed using mud and other local materials or were easily imported. By April 1861, the population was 1,400, and town lots were selling for around $1,500. By 1862, the city had a newspaper, the Esmeralda Star. In 1864, the population was 6,000. The peak population was roughly 10,000 people.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1860 and the discovery of the mines, fewer than 100 people lived in the Aurora area. The biggest rush of population was in the Spring of 1863 after the Wide West Vein provided many jobs. Aurora&#39;s mines were so rich that miners came from all over the west. Travel in the spring was much easier than in the winter or colder months. In the Spring of 1863, Aurora had 760 houses, 20 stores, and 22 saloons. Like most mining boom towns, the population had a small number of women and children compared to a large male population.</p><br>
<p>Travel to Aurora was difficult, but the Mono Trail and the Sonora Pass Route were important paths to Aurora. After it was built, the Esmeralda Toll Road connected Aurora to San Francisco through Carson valley. This allowed for Aurora to receive supplies directly from San Francisco, which contributed to its growth. As Aurora grew, agriculture grew as well with people farming hay, livestock, dairy products, grain, and vegetables.</p><br>
<h2>Life in Aurora</h2><br>
<p>Aurorans quickly learned that the climate was harsh and the weather unpredictable, making life difficult for its residents. The majority of the population was male and saloons were numerous. Gambling houses and brothels were common and provided late night entertainment to the men of the town. There were numerous Chinese brothels that existed on the most public of streets and roughly half the women in the town were prostitutes. Other recreational activities for the men were hunting, fishing, dog fights, dog and badger fights. Skiing was a recreational activity in the town thanks to the mountains surrounding the town. It was probably the most popular recreational activity among residents.</p><br>
<p>Violence was a major problem. Most men carried guns and knives daily, and armed conflict was not rare. These conflicts often ended in death. There are numerous examples of disagreements leading to armed violence. Family life was almost non existent due to the low number of women and children in the town. This allowed the men to frequent the saloons, brothels and gambling houses that were in the town.</p><br>
<h2>Fall of Aurora</h2><br>
<p>Aurora had a difficult time maintaining its success due to the nature of the mines. Most mines were less than 100 feet deep, and of minimal endurance. The gold and silver in the area had been completely mined by 1870. Many people deserted the area but left all buildings, stores and homes intact. Eventually, these buildings were stripped for their bricks to be used for fireplaces in California and other building needs. Because of its isolation—Aurora was miles from any major city and surrounded by rugged mountainous terrain—furnishing supplies for the town became difficult. Food, fuel, lumber, machinery, tools, hardware, and clothing were scarce. They had to be shipped in on difficult roads and stage lines. Travel in winter months was very difficult. The town was dominated by a harsh climate with violent and unpredictable weather, which made a permanent settlement increasingly difficult without outside support.</p><br>
<p>By 1864, 7 of the 17 mills were shut down and the remaining mills were operating at a fraction of capacity. By 1865, production declined and more mills were shut down. By 1870, half of the town&#39;s houses were deserted and most of the mills and buildings had been dismantled. There were a few attempts to revive the city, but those were not successful with the last attempt ending in 1918.</p><br>
<h2>Current state</h2><br>
<p>There are small remains of Aurora in the area. The streets and the foundations of some of the buildings are still somewhat visible. Most of the buildings were dismantled, its materials used in homes in California as used brick became fashionable.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Mark Twain briefly lived in Aurora</p><br>
<p>The Fortress  is a mountain located in the Kananaskis River Valley of Kananaskis Park of the Canadian Rockies. When viewed from Highway 40, the north face presents a fortress like appearance. The Fortress should not be confused with nearby Fortress Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was originally named Tower Mountain but was changed in 1957 to its current name so as not to be confused with Tower Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>The southwestern slopes can be scrambled from either the Chester Lake side or Headwall Lakes side. Both routes join at the Chester-Fortress col. From the col, a steep path ascends the remaining 325 m to the summit. Only the final section of the summit block requires any real hands on scrambling. The Headwall Lakes approach takes longer but the scree slopes leading to the col are not as loose as the Chester Lake side, which serves as a better descent route.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Haughville is a working-class neighborhood west of downtown Indianapolis. Its borders are roughly White River Parkway to the east, roughly Tibbs Avenue to the west, 10th Street to the north, and Michigan Street to the south. It was first settled in the 1830s and grew after a bridge was built connecting to Indianapolis, which annexed the town in 1897. Population then included Slovenian, German and Irish immigrants, among other European immigrants. In the 21st century, the neighborhood suffers from a high crime rate and low property values. It is considered one of the most impoverished neighborhoods in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A portion of the neighborhood, roughly bounded by 10th Street, Belleview Place, Walnut Street. and Concord Street, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Haughville Historic District, a national historic district. The district encompasses 329 contributing buildings. This area is the site of the former housing project, Concord Village.</p><br>
<p>The area was first settled in the 1830s, when it became home to a number of merchants, whose small shops sprouted up near the west landing of the then brand-new Washington Street Bridge over the White River. By the 1880s, encouraged by the bridge and proximity to a number of new railroad lines, the town became home to a number of Irish, German, and later Slovene immigrants, many of whom worked in the neighborhood&#39;s two iron foundries or in meat-packing plants. The Haugh and Ketcham Iron Works gave the town its name. The application to be a Historic Neighborhood indicates the period of significance to be 1895 to 1942, and shows a map of the location of the area relative to Indianapolis. A map of the district itself is also available.</p><br>
<p>The Haughville Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of 2011, there were an estimated 8,043 people, a slight increase since 2000. However this represents the over Near Westside Weed and Seed incorporated, which incorporates the population of a small section of other neighborhoods surrounding Haughville. The official population of Haughville is estimated around 6,500 while the make up of Haughville (excluding Stringtown and other neighboring areas) is approximately 92 percent African-American or Black descent. The remaining percent of the area is said to be a mixture of White (Non-Hispanic) and an increasing Hispanic population.</p><br>
<p>Of the adult population (25 and older), 40.7% do not have a high school diploma. The overall neighborhood&#39;s per capita income is $9,760 and an average household income of $17,321 making the entire neighborhood well below the average per capita and household income of Indianapolis.</p><br>
<h2>Crime</h2><br>
<p>Since 1992, Haughville has been a member of Indianapolis&#39;s Weed and Seed initiative, a federal program that targets high crime areas in Indianapolis and attempts to lower the amount of crime. It was the first neighborhood in Indianapolis to participate in this program. Its situation is described by the John Boner Neighborhood Centers. and in a 2013 news article.</p><br>
<p>According to The Indianapolis Star, Haughville had the most violent crime in the city of Indianapolis in the year 2005, with approximately 449 violent crimes taking place in Haughville. However this number is far below the record 2,589 violent crimes recorded in 1997 according to the IPD West District (This would average out to 1 out of 2.5 people being a victim of a violent offense). During the 1990s, Haughville averaged 30 homicides a year, having the dubious honor of having one of the highest homicide rates in the nation for a neighborhood census of its size.</p><br>
<h2>Notable person</h2><br>
<p>Hyapatia Lee, pornographic actress</p><br>
<p>Nakbe is one of the largest early Maya archaeological sites. Nakbe is located in the Mirador Basin, in the Petén region of Guatemala, approximately 13 kilometers south of the largest Maya city of El Mirador. Excavations at Nakbe suggest that habitation began at the site during the Early Formative period  and continued to be a large site until its collapse during the Terminal Formative period . The fall of Nakbe and El Mirador took place at roughly the same time.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and excavation</h2><br>
<p>The site was first discovered in 1930 by aerial photos taken of the region, but excavations of the site did not take place until 1962. Archaeologist Ian Graham was the first person to start excavations, but it wasn’t until the 1980s and 1990s that real excavation began by UCLA&#39;s Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, and the Institute of Anthropology and History of Guatemala. The combined efforts of these two groups resulted in the RAINPEG Project, which was headed by Dr. Richard D. Hansen. One of the main focuses of the RAINPEG Project was to investigate the limestone quarries in the area of Nakbé.</p><br>
<p>Nakbe was a key site to the Maya because of its extensive quarry system of limestone, a key element to the building of the many large temples.</p><br>
<p>The RAINPEC Project spent much of its energy excavating and studying the tools that were used in limestone excavation and preparation. They had unearthed 23 tools including bifacial axes, picks, and hammer stones, all of which were made of chert. The researches then replicated these tools to see what the methods of mining and shaping the limestone were. Not only did they come to realize that chert was an excellent tool for precision cutting of limestone, but these experiments shed light on how the Maya not only harvested the limestone, but how they shaped it to use for their elaborate complex architectural building.</p><br>
<h2>Artifacts found at the site</h2><br>
<p>The site center has yielded large quantities of middle Preclassic ceramics. Pottery found at the site includes red-on-cream items, multi-colored bowls, incised bowls, narrow-necked jars with coarsely painted bands, and a wide variety of monochrome vessels that are red, cream, or black. Many tecomates (jars with narrow openings but without necks) were found. Also found were numerous fragments of figurines depicting a wide variety of human and animal forms. Shells through which holes were ground were a common find at the site. Many were Strombus shells, a type of artifact unique to the first part of the middle Preclassic at Nakbe, Uaxactun, Tikal, and other sites where similarly dated deposits are located.</p><br>
<p>The shells reflect one of the earliest major imports into the interior of northern Guatemala, and Richard Hansen believes they and similar exotic imports, such as jade and obsidian (a volcanic glass from which sharp tools could be fashioned), played an important role in the formation of an increasingly complex society. The demand for these materials, mainly from Kaminaljuyú, in the Central Highlands of Guatemala, whether for ideological or economic reasons, and the mechanisms of procurement, transportation, and distribution that met that demand, may have required the development of administrative and governmental organizations at an earlier stage in this region than in areas where those commodities were more readily available.</p><br>
<p>Fairly direct evidence of developing differences in social and economic status includes human incisors with inlaid disks of jadelike stone, found in deposits dating to about 2,800 years ago. Such dental decorations are known to have been associated with elite status in later Maya periods. Archaeologists also found a middle Preclassic ceramic shard with a portion of an incised profile that displays the sloping forehead characteristic of later Maya elite society. This was a frontal cranial deformation that resulted from binding the head in infancy.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Nakbe had established monumental architecture as early as the 8th century BC, with some platforms 18 m (59 ft) high. Around 1200 BC, modest villages were leveled and filled to serve as platform foundations for large new buildings, indicating that the platform construction and erection of monumental architecture were planned, simultaneous events. There are many buildings at Nakbe and they are divided into three groups. Two of these groups, called East and West, were constructed during the formative periods and the third group, called Codex, was constructed during the reoccupation of the site in the late classic period. The most impressive and largest of the buildings at Nakbe is a pyramid called Structure 1. Flanked by two large stucco masks and topped with three triadic style roofed structures, Structure 1 is both grand and beautiful. Causeways were also built to connect all these buildings. Maya causeways were paved with crushed white stone, which inspired their Mayan name, sacbe (“white way”) The Kan Causeway at Nakbe was 4 m (13 ft) above adjacent ground level in some places. One causeway was also built that connected Nakbe with El Mirador.</p><br>
<h2>Causeways</h2><br>
<p>A causeway system linked important features of the city to one another and later linked Nakbé with other sites. These causeways were often created above the ground level; the Kan Causeway was 4 meters (13 ft) above the ground level in some areas. These causeways were paved with crushed white stone, which created the naming of these causeways from the Maya name sacbe ("white way"). Nakbe was connected to El Mirador by one causeway and later in the Late Classic Maya period Nakbe was connected to the Maya center of Calakmul. Other sites besides Nakbé and El Mirador were connected through this system of sacbeob, which extended for dozens of kilometers.</p><br>
<h2>Research on quarries at Nakbe</h2><br>
<p>The limestone quarries of Nakbe were a significant facet of the research done by The RAINPEG group. Research of the quarries is of considerable importance because understanding of Mayan quarries, a prevalent aspect of the Mayan culture, is lacking. Excavations recovered 23 stone tools that were used to cut the limestone blocks. These tools consisted of bifacial picks and axes, hammerstones, and flake cores that were made of chert. Archaeologists made replicas of these tools to use in experimenting with the cutting and shaping of limestone blocks. By studying the evidence of wear and polish of the tools along with the cut marks on quarry walls, researchers were able to determine how these tools were used and what kind of handles were attached. They made longhandled picks which they used to cut the limestone from the bedrock. Then they used the stone axes to cut and form the block the way they wanted. The results of these experiments have showed that chert was a very effective and durable stone to use for the cutting of limestone and other materials. Excavations and research at Nakbe gives us a better understanding of the techniques that the Maya used to construct some of the most extraordinary structures of ancient times and the complications they had to endure along the way.</p><br>
<h2>Religion and iconography at Nakbe</h2><br>
<p>Nakbe Stela 1 consists of forty-five fragments of a once 11 ft. tall monument that had been smashed in antiquity. After pieced together, the stela depicts a scene with two individuals standing face to face and dressed in costumes of a very early Mayan style. One figure is pointing upwards with an index finger to a disembodied head. The scene has been interpreted as a representation from the Popol Vuh. The two figures appear to portray the supernatural twins Hun-Apu and Ixbalanque, with Ixbalanque pointing towards his father’s severed head indicating his connection to a royal lineage. The famous Princeton Vase, illegally excavated, and often interpreted in terms of the Popol Vuh, probably also stems from the Nakbe region.</p><br>
<h2>Decline of the site</h2><br>
<p>While at least some remains have been found from nearly every period of Maya society at Nakbe, the site was never a major center after the beginning of the late Preclassic period. The last construction phases of the largest pyramids at Nakbe date to the beginning of this period. Late Preclassic artifacts have proved sparse throughout the site of Nakbe, perhaps because the settlement was rapidly eclipsed by the rise of El Mirador. Nakbe remained virtually abandoned for a thousand years, until some late Classic Maya reoccupied the site. These people established small communities in and around the ruins and left some fine examples of Classic ceramics, including the Princeton Vase, but they built no monuments of their own.</p><br>
<p>Ormiston Pound is a ring of mountains punctuating the MacDonnell Ranges, in the West MacDonnell National Park, approximately 135 km west of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, Australia. It lies at roughly the half way point in the celebrated Larapinta Trail and has views from its circumference of Mount Sonder, Gosses Bluff crater and the surrounding range.</p><br>
<p>The Pound, a ring of mountains, is dominated by Mount Giles, which forms its eastern boundary. The western boundary is formed by the Ormiston Gorge, a popular tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>The pound is accessible from a road in the west, which travels between Glen Helen and Alice Springs. There is a popular waterhole at the bottom near the gorge, as well as several lookouts. The entire pound encompasses 46.55 km&sup2;. The famous Finke River passes Ormiston Gorge in the west.</p><br>
<p>The Fitzroy River is located in the West Kimberley region of Western Australia. Also known to the native Aboriginal people as Raparapa. Raparapa also translates to alongside the river in the local language of the Nyikina .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first people to discover the river were the traditional owners of the areas around the river, including the Nyikina peoples to the west, the Walmadjari and Konejandi peoples to the east, who have lived in the area for at least 40,000 years. The local peoples know the area as Mardoowarra, the river and its vast floodplains are of great spiritual, cultural, medicinal and ecological significance.</p><br>
<p>The first European to visit the Fitzroy River was George Grey in 1837 aboard the HMS Beagle. The river was subsequently given its European name by Lieutenant J.L. Stokes in February 1838 after Captain Robert FitzRoy R.N. The Fitzroy River flows for 733 km from the King Leopold and Mueller Ranges into King Sound south of Derby, and has a catchment area of 93,829 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>The first settlement that appeared along the river was Yeeda Station settled in 1880. The initial owners of the station were the Murray Squatting Company composed of William Paterson, George Paterson, Hamlet Cornish and Alexander Richardson. The company took up the property in the newly opened West Kimberley in 1880 and established the station with both cattle and sheep.</p><br>
<p>Other stations were established along the river further upstream during the 1880s including Noonkanbah Station, Gogo Station, Fossil Downs Station, Liveringa and Lower Liveringa Station.</p><br>
<h2>Physiography</h2><br>
<p>The surrounding area is also known as the Fitzroy Valley and is a distinct physiographic section of the larger Canning Basin province, which in turn is part of the larger West Australian Shield division.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>The Fitzroy has 20 tributaries including Margaret River, Christmas Creek, Hann River, Sandy Creek, Geegully Creek, Little Fitzroy River, Collis Creek, Adcock River, Cunninghame River, Yeeda River, Mudjalla Gully and Minnie River.</p><br>
<h2>Flooding</h2><br>
<p>Extensive flooding during the wet season created a need for an adequate crossing. It was because of this that the town of Fitzroy Crossing was founded.</p><br>
<p>Flooding occurred along the river six times from 1892 to 1903. The 1903 flood washed away telegraph lines and great numbers of cattle and sheep were drowned, with bodies of animals later found hanging in trees. The heavy rains experienced in the area were the remnants of a cyclone.</p><br>
<p>In 1935, the Fitzroy got its first bridge – a low-level concrete structure, which was built up into a wider structure in 1958. This bridge could be closed for several months at a time during the wet weather and travellers were then forced to use a flying fox, which operated about 200 metres south of the crossing. When a new bridge was erected in 1974, the focus of the town grew away from its original site. The current town of Fitzroy Crossing is one of the fastest growing in the Kimberley region. Over 80% of its population consists of Aboriginals.</p><br>
<p>The river flooded after heavy rain events in 1949 and 1954. The 1954 event came immediately after a drought and the swollen river washed away stock from both Noonkanbah and Liveringa Station. At the height of the flood the river level was 10 ft above the low level crossing. The mouth of the river was estimated at being over 7 mi wide as it discharged the floodwaters.</p><br>
<p>Record floods occurred in 1983, 1986 and 2002 with approximately 13 metres of water over the old concrete crossing. The flow rate down the 15 km-wide flood plain at Fitzroy Crossing was estimated to be 30,000 cubic metres per second. In flood, it is probably the largest river in Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Damming of the Fitzroy</h2><br>
<p>The Fitzroy River was diverted in the 1950s as part of the failed Camballin Irrigation Scheme to store the water to irrigate crops of cotton, sorghum and other feed crops.</p><br>
<p>This part of the river covers an area of 12ha when full.</p><br>
<p>There have been other proposals over time to dam the river at Dimond Gorge.</p><br>
<p>In April 2007, the then state opposition leader Colin Barnett announced plans to dam the river, should he become elected, in order to provide a water source for a new irrigation venture to replace the Murray-Darling Basin which has experienced significant water shortages as a result of the drought. His 20-year plan also included piping the water further south as an additional source for the Perth Integrated Water Supply Scheme. However, these ventures were not pursued when in government.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>The catchment area occupies an area of 93,829 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>Parts of three shires; Wyndham-East Kimberley, Halls Creek and Derby-West Kimberley are found within the catchment area. The two main population centres of Derby and Fitzroy Crossing and 57 smaller Aboriginal communities are also found in the watershed making it home to about 7,000 people of which 80% are Aboriginal. The catchment area of the Fitzroy river was in 2012 found to be extensively pegged by mineral exploration companies</p><br>
<p>Most of the land is under pastoral lease holding with about 44 mostly cattle stations operating within the catchment area. Some of the properties include: Mount Elizabeth, Mount Barnett, Glenroy, Mornington Sanctuary, Bedford Downs, Ruby Plains and Springvale to the east. Noonkanbah, Cherrabun, Gogo, Louisa Downs, Fossil Downs and Leopold Downs and found in the central part. To the west are properties including Myroodah, Mount Anderson, Mowla Bluff, Yakka Munga and Yeeda Stations.</p><br>
<p>The Santee Canal was one of the earliest canals built in the United States. It was built to provide a direct water route between Charleston and Columbia, the new South Carolina state capital. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1786, the South Carolina General Assembly chartered a company to construct and maintain the inland canal linking the Cooper River near Charleston, with the Santee River. The Santee River connects to the Congaree River and the City of Columbia. Construction started in 1793 under the direction of Engineer Col. John Christian Senf. It opened in 1800.</p><br>
<p>It was 22 mi long. It had two double locks and eight single locks. Its width was 35 ft at the water&#39;s surface and 20 ft at the bottom. Its depth was 4 ft.</p><br>
<p>Due to low traffic, poor construction, and droughts, the canal was not a financial success. The construction of railroads sealed its fate. It lost its state charter in 1853. It was not used after 1865. Much of it was flooded by the construction of Lake Moultrie.</p><br>
<p>Additional pictures and information are available from the Historic American Buildings Survey at the Library of Congress.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>Old Santee Canal Park is located in Monks Corner, South Carolina. The park is situated at Stony Landing, the former southernmost section of the canal.</p><br>
<p>Wyoming Seminary, founded in 1844, is a Methodist college preparatory school located in the Wyoming Valley of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The "Lower School," which consists of preschool - 8th grade students, is located in Forty Fort. The "Upper School," comprising 9th-grade to postgraduate students, is located in Kingston. It is near the Susquehanna River and the city of Wilkes-Barre. Locally and in some publications, it is sometimes referred to as "Sem." As a boarding school, only Upper School students are given the opportunity to live  on campus. Slightly more than one-third of the Upper School student body reside on campus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding and early years (1844–1892)</h3><br>
<p>Wyoming Seminary was founded by Methodist Church leaders in 1844 at the instigation of George Peck. At the time, it was common practice to call any academy or school a "seminary." While the school remains affiliated with the United Methodist Church, it welcomes students from all religious backgrounds. The first class of Wyoming Seminary contained 31 students — 17 boys and 14 girls from Pennsylvania and New York. The schools first president was Rueben Nelson. At the time, Kingston was a rural village, and the school raised livestock, grew its own produce, and built a smoke house to preserve meat for the winter. After the industrial age began, the school grew. In the wake of the regions new mining and manufacturing concerns, a dedicated business school was created and a college preparatory program was established.</p><br>
<h3>The Sprague era and continued growth (1892–1967)</h3><br>
<p>As extensively documented by historian Leroy Bugbee in his account of Wyoming Seminarys first 100 years of existence, much of Sems rise as a prominent college prep school took place during the tenure of Levi Sprague. Sprague was a Sem alumnus who served as the school&#39;s president for five decades from the 1880s to the 1930s and was associated with the school for nearly his entire life, ultimately dying while in office. The street that most of the Upper School campus is located on is named Sprague Avenue, the central building that hosts most classes and administrative offices there is called Sprague Hall, a bust of Sprague is featured in this building, and since 1993, a yearly prestigious scholarship for seniors that offers free boarding for eight selected student leaders is called the Levi Sprague Fellowship.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, the Wyoming Seminary football team participated in the worlds first nighttime football game, playing against Mansfield University (then Mansfield State Normal School). The game ended at halftime due to insufficient lighting, with neither team scoring. The school grew in the early 20th century. During World War I, parts of the campus were used for training of American soldiers from 1917 to 1919. By the early 1950s, Sem expanded to include what is today considered the "lower school", composed of nursery through eighth grade students. In 1951, Sem merged with the Wilkes-Barre Day School to become the regions only independent school to offer a complete program ranging from nursery through secondary school. By the late 1990s, Sem&#39;s Lower School, located three miles from Kingston in nearby Forty Fort, expanded its program by adding a prekindergarten-3 program and renaming its nursery school grade as prekindergarten-4.</p><br>
<h3>The Stettler era (1967–1990)</h3><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the business and music schools were dissolved, leaving the college preparatory program as the secondary schools focus by the time Dr. Wallace F. Stettler became the schools ninth president in 1967. As the 1970s approached, Stettler – unarguably a consequential president – oversaw dramatic changes that would forever leave a lasting impression on Wyoming Seminary. In June 1972, flooding from Hurricane Agnes caused serious damage to parts of Sems Upper School campus. Under Stettlers leadership, Sem accepted significant federal aid from the Nixon administration, hand-delivered in the form of a check from Sem graduate and Nixon Wilkes-Barre area flood response director Frank Carlucci, to help revive its campus.</p><br>
<p>This aid – combined with private money and the sheer willpower and vision of Stettler and his colleagues – helped lead to the construction of the Bell Tower, the Buckingham Performing Arts Center, the Pettebone-Dickson Student Center, renovations in Sprague Hall, and the construction of the Learning Resources Center, which includes a library, several classrooms, admissions offices, and a large conference room. This center is today named the Stettler Learning Resources Center in honor of Dr. Stettler. All of these efforts at the Upper School were completed in a short four-year period between 1974 and 1978. In little time, the schools endowment grew significantly, tripling by the early 1990s. At the same time, the schools vibrancy and community spirit was enhanced just years after the flood by the enormous success of the football team under legendary coach Marvin Antinnes. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Antinnes oversaw over thirty consecutive wins for the team over a period of several seasons. At the time of Stettlers passing in October 2010, he was widely remembered for this work, as The Times Leader recalled in his obituary that "Stettler not only rebuilt what had been damaged in the flood, he expanded the campus." In the same article, Sems vice president of advancement, John H. Shafer, recounted that Stettler "made it possible for Wyoming Seminary to emerge from the flood an even stronger institution."</p><br>
<h3>The Packard era (1990–2007)</h3><br>
<p>Stettlers retirement in 1990 did not mark the end of Sems growth. During the tenure of Sems tenth president, Dr. H. Jeremy Packard, the school continued to expand in all fields including academics, arts, the extracurricular program, athletics, and in technology as the age of the Internet dawned. These expansions also included further renovations on its Upper School campus such as the 2006 construction of Klassner Field, named for athletics director Karen Klassner, for field hockey and lacrosse games. Sem also bought a former bank adjacent to its Upper School campus to become the Wyoming Seminary Great Hall, used today by the wrestling team as its practice facility. With regards to buildings already on Upper School campus, Sems Sprague Hall, which includes all administrative offices and three floors of classrooms in all subjects except science, expanded to include a renovated, modernized new wing in 1999. At the Lower School, similar changes were made, including the construction of a new wing for fourth and fifth grade students and a new glass foyer.</p><br>
<p>In the field of athletics, junior Kristina Benson became in 1993 the first student to join what had previously been an exclusively male varsity ice hockey team. By 2001, Wyoming Seminarys Upper School Mens tennis team won the team state title becoming the first to do so in all of Wyoming Seminarys history. The team was led by Math teacher O. Charles Lull. That same year, the SEM Upper School field hockey team won the state championship title. Since then, the field hockey team, under the leadership of athletic director and longtime field hockey coach Karen Klassner, has won four other state championships as well, in 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2011. The victory in November 2010 was a lopsided, historically large 5-0 victory. The growth of the schools athletic program also included significant success for the Upper School wrestling team. Since 2007, the team has won five consecutive state prep championship titles, has ranked extremely high among all private high schools in the nation since the early 2000s, and placed second at the 2009 National Preps Wrestling Tournament. In the extracurricular program, Sems Model United Nations and Mock Trial groups grew in size and in their earning of championship titles in the region and the country. In the field of technology, Sem embraced Mac computers, putting Macintosh computers in classrooms and computer rooms&#39; in both the Lower School and Upper School and using these devices frequently in classroom settings.</p><br>
<p>The makeup of Sems Upper School administration also underwent an overhaul. For one, Karen Klassner became the first woman to hold several high-ranking positions, including Dean of Students for some time in the 1990s. However, by 2003, the position of Dean of Students was erased and the duties of this office were now part of the responsibilities of the Dean of the Upper School. Prior to 2003, there existed both a Dean of Students and a Dean of Upper School. At the same time, the school also introduced the position of Dean of Faculty and a new Class Deans system in which there is a dean that presides over each class and typically remains with a given class for the entirety of its four-year run. Amid the dawn of this new administrative system at the Upper School, the Lower School also saw changes. In 2004, the schools longtime history of having a "Dean of Lower School" changed into a new two-dean system that includes a "Dean of Primary", a "Dean of Middle School" and coordinators, essentially assistant deans, for the primary and middle-school grades.</p><br>
<h3>The Nygren era (2007–2015)</h3><br>
<p>By the time of Packards retirement in June 2007, the school had grown significantly, building on the achievements of the Stettler era. The schools current President, Dr. Kip P. Nygren, who took office shortly after Packards departure, presided over continued changes. These changes included a new third floor of Sprague Hall, a vast renovation of the Lower Schools first floor, and extensive restoration work on the Upper School dormitories. The most significant achievement on Nygrens watch was the construction of the Kirby Center for Creative Arts, which opened in fall 2014 shortly after the closing of Sprague Avenue to vehicular traffic. In spite of the continued changes taking place at Sem, and continued academic, athletic, and extracurricular achievements, Nygren and the administration were forced to temporarily suspend the football program in 2011 and 2012. Nygren cited lack of student interest, significant rates of graduation of football players in 2010 and 2011, and other factors. At that time, Dean of Upper School Jay Harvey underscored in a statement that he and others were "developing a plan to engage administrators, trustees, alumni and parents to review the dynamics of the program and the student-athletes and facilities necessary to ensure its success." That plan resulted in a completely renovated Nesbitt Memorial Stadium and the revival of the football program, which resumed varsity play in 2014 after completing a successful junior varsity season in 2013. In addition, successes such as the field hockey team winning three state championships in four years (2010, 2011 and 2013) and the Mock Trial team becoming state champions for the first time in March 2011 and earning sixth place in that years national competition have also marked Nygrens tenure. Nygren announced in February 2014 his intention to retire from the school after the 2014–2015 academic year. In late 2014, it was announced that Kevin Rea, headmaster of the Hackley School in New York, would succeed Nygren as Sems 12th president.</p><br>
<h3>The Rea era (2015–present)</h3><br>
<p>On July 1, 2015, Kevin Rea became the 12th president of Wyoming Seminary.</p><br>
<h2>In the present</h2><br>
<p>Wyoming Seminary&#39;s president, the 12th of the school, is Kevin Rea, who assumed his duties on July 1, 2015. The current Chair of the Board of Trustees is attorney Richard M. Goldberg, appointed to the position in June 2012. The Dean of the Upper School is 1980 Sem graduate and faculty veteran Jay Harvey, who assumed his duties as interim dean on June 7, 2010 and was installed as Dean on December 13, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The school has named a number of members to its board of trustees. These members include: John Dowd (CEO) of Sundance Vacations, Kathi S. Flack of Don Bennett Advertising Agency, Jeffrey Metz of Metz Culinary Management, Robert Tamburro of TFP Limited and Ellen C. Gallagher of American Museum of Natural History in New York City.</p><br>
<p>80% of Upper School graduates are accepted to colleges in the "competitive" to "most competitive" range. 98% of those who graduate from Sem successfully graduate college. 51% of students families earn financial aid. 44% of teachers at the Lower School hold masters degrees compared to 51% at the Upper School. 13% of Upper School teachers hold doctorates while two percent of Lower School teachers also hold doctorates.</p><br>
<p>The average size for an Upper School course is 14 students. At WSUS, there are 39 classes offered in math and science and 76 classes offered in the humanities. The Upper School offers, in total, over 160 courses, including 25 Advanced Placement classes, more than most public or private schools in the United States. WSUS hosts more than 80 international students every year from over 20 countries and students from 15 different states.</p><br>
<p>Nearly 300 students at the Upper School become involved in the performing arts at Sem and 86% of students participate in at least one sport. 700 WSUS football players have played college football over the last 30 years. The Upper School field hockey team has seen 17 undefeated seasons and has won five PIAA state championship titles, including as recently as 2011 when they won the state title for the second consecutive year, the first back-to-back state championships in Sem field hockey history. The WSUS boys basketball team won their division title four consecutive times, including as recently as 2010. The Mens tennis team has achieved great success winning 72 straight conference matches (current streak) and achieved state runner up status after falling in the 2012 PIAA State Championship; they were led by legendary coach Michael Balutanski. The Upper School wrestling team has won the Pennsylvania Prep State Tournament five years in a row.</p><br>
<p>Wyoming Seminarys has an active and successful Mock Trial program. Under the coaching of history teacher Adam Carlisle, the team has received numerous distinctions in pre-season state invitationals, placing 4th, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 2nd in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2015, respectively, at the University of Pittsburgh Annual High School Mock Trial Tournament, the largest invitational in the Commonwealth. Sem Mock Trial has won the University of Pennsylvanias Benjamin Franklin Invitational, considered the most competitive mock trial tournament in Pennsylvania, four consecutive times, from 2012–2015 and boasts six District Championships since 2008. In state competition, the team has placed 10th, 4th, 1st, and 7th in 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2013, respectively. In 2011, after winning the State Championship, Sem Mock Trial placed 6th in the National High School Mock Trial Championship in Phoenix, Arizona. Since 2010, the program has competed in the Empire New York: The World Championship tournament in New York City, placing 4th, 2nd, 17th, 13th, and 2nd. Since 2012, the team has also competed in Princeton University&#39;s Spring Moot Court Tournament, one of the largest and most prestigious moot court tournaments in the country. Their teams have placed 3rd (2012); 5th and 6th (2013); 5th, 6th, and 8th (2014); and 1st, 2nd, and 4th (2015). Attorneys Guerline L. Laurore, Daniel Hollander, and Leana Blazosek are the current attorney coaches. Latin teacher David Johnson is an assistant teacher coach.</p><br>
<p>Since 1979, the Upper Schools 19th century buildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Since 2006, portions of the Upper School campus have undergone a large-scale renovation, with the housing facilities of Swetland, Darte, and Fleck Halls renovated on the outside, the Kirby Library (on the second floor of the Stettler Center) renovated, a brand new third floor introduced in Sprague Hall, the construction of Klassner Field for field hockey and lacrosse games, the construction of the O. Charles Lull Tennis Center, and a brand new first floor of the Lower School. In 2013 the school completed the renovation of Nesbitt Memorial Stadium to include two turf fields supporting football, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, baseball and softball, new locker rooms and field house, new grandstand and a press box. The Kirby Center for Creative Arts, supporting the schools music, theater and dance programs, is scheduled for completion in fall, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>The arts</h2><br>
<p>Wyoming Seminary Upper School requires an art history and a music history course, offers multiple art and drawing courses, music courses, and chorale. Sem&#39;s campus has two art studios, a ceramics studio, and a darkroom on campus. Each trimester, the art students put their work up in The Great Hall for display and put their work up in the fall term in Nesbitt Hall for display. Every several months, photography students have a show in the Buckingham Performing Arts Center. Students are also allowed to work on arts projects during the summer at the Performing Arts Institute (PAI). Students interested in music, dance and musical theatre spend the 42-day session on campus, and are exposed to world-renowned artists. Every year, PAI hosts a theatrical production at the F.M. Kirby Center in downtown Wilkes-Barre, including Two Gentlemen of Verona in 2010 and Gypsy in 2009. Renowned actor Austin Pendleton joined the PAI cast for the production of Gypsy.</p><br>
<p>The Upper School&#39;s Madrigal Singers, a 28-voice choral group, have gained recognition for their proficiency. The group has toured worldwide — touring Asia in 2006. In summer 2007 the group also toured in Germany through their host, The St. Lioba School in Bad Nauheim Germany. During the summer of 2009, the Madrigal Singers competed in an international choral competition in the Czech Republic. They entered 4 categories and won two gold and two silver medals. They continued this tour by singing in various locations throughout Slovakia and Hungary. In the summer of 2010, the group returned to Bad Nauheim to participate in the Festivokal singing festival. The group is under the direction of Sem performing and fine arts department chairman John M. Vaida, a member of the Sem faculty since the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Orchestra, jazz band, chorale, and smaller ensembles are available for all students to participate in every year. Sem is the host for the Wyoming Seminary Civic Orchestra, founded by Jerome Campbell and directed by Yoon Jae Lee until 2013, in which local students perform with local musicians. Pit-orchestra gives students the opportunity to work with local musicians as well.</p><br>
<p>The Upper School drama department, run by 1991 Sem graduate Jason Sherry, also has many participants at the school. Sem hosts a musical in the fall, an acting workshop in the winter, and a play in the spring. Auditions are open to all students regardless of their experience and, at times, is open to faculty as well.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>William H. Bartran, Wisconsin state legislator and physician</p><br>
<p>Lisa Caputo served as Press Secretary for Hillary Clinton during her tenure as First Lady of the United States and as a Deputy Assistant to President Bill Clinton, serving both positions during President Clinton&#39;s first term from 1993 to 1997. She is the Chief Marketing Officer for Citigroup.</p><br>
<p>Frank Carlucci served as the United States Secretary of Defense for President Ronald Reagan from 1987 to 1989 after serving numerous other cabinet posts in Republican administrations.</p><br>
<p>Howard Gardner is an American developmental psychologist, widely recognized for his famed theory of multiple intelligences.</p><br>
<p>Dan Harris is a Hollywood director (Imaginary Heroes) and a screenwriter (X2 and Superman Returns).</p><br>
<p>Henry M. Hoyt was a Union general in the American Civil War and served as the 18th governor of Pennsylvania in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Mitchell Jenkins was a Republican USA Congressman from Pennsylvania&#39;s 11th congressional district from 1947–1949.</p><br>
<p>Paul Kanjorski was a Democratic USA Congressman who represented Pennsylvania&#39;s 11th congressional district from 1985 to 2011.</p><br>
<p>Joe Katchik was an American football player</p><br>
<p>Fernando C. Kizer was a Republican Wisconsin State Assemblyman.</p><br>
<p>W.S. Merwin is a prolific American writer who was the USA Poet Laureate from 2010 to 2012.</p><br>
<p>Elwood Quesada served as a Lieutenant General in the United States Air Force after leading the tactical air support during the D-Day invasion of Normandy. He also served as the first head of the Federal Aviation Administration and was a one time owner of the Washington Senators.</p><br>
<p>Don Sherwood was a Republican USA Congressman who represented Pennsylvania&#39;s 10th congressional district from 1999 to 2007.</p><br>
<p>Joe Torsella was elected in 2016 as Treasurer of Pennsylvania, was the United States Representative for United Nations Management and Reform for President Barack Obama, was Governor Rendell&#39;s chairman of the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, and was the President and CEO of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia from 1997–2003 and 2006–2008.</p><br>
<p>John Yudichak, who did a PG year at Sem, was a Democratic State Representative who represented Pennsylvanias 119th Legislative District from 1999 to 2010 and is the State Senator for Pennsylvanias 14th State Senatorial district.</p><br>
<p>Arthur J. Weaver, 22nd Governor of Nebraska</p><br>
<p>Several alumni have played professional ice hockey, among them Dennis Packard (AHL/Europe), Arpad Mihaly (AHL/Europe), Zoltan Pal (Europe), Eric Tangradi (AHL/NHL), Lukas Friedl (Europe) and Aleš Pařez (Europe).</p><br>
<p>Several alumni have played professional football, among them Ralph Chase (NFL), Quentin Harris (NFL), Richard Barlette (Arena), and Jonathan Churchill (Arena).</p><br>
<p>Several alumni have coached in professional football, among them Chuck Bresnahan (NFL), and Harry Hiestand (NFL).</p><br>
<p>Lauren Powley was a member of the United States womens national field hockey team from 2005–2008 and she competed in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China as a member of the USA womens field hockey team.</p><br>
<p>Sukanya Roy, winner of the 84th Scripps National Spelling Bee.</p><br>
<h2>Notable faculty</h2><br>
<p>Cecilia Galante, Author The Patron Saint of Butterflies</p><br>
<p>Charles Mill is a reservoir located in central Ohio near the junction of State Routes 430 and 603. Charles Mill Lake is a quiet and enjoyable place for boating, camping, fishing, hunting, or hiking. The lake is located in both Richland County  and Ashland County , with the dam located in Ashland County. This lake is located on the Black Fork of the Mohican River. Many local residents refer to Chales Mill Lake as Mifflin Lake due to its proximity to Mifflin, Ohio. The lake primarily sees local use by nearby residents who fish or boat; the marina is accessible from St. Rt. 430.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area around the lake experienced several incidents of violence between settlers and Native Americans during the War of 1812. An attack took place within a mile of the dam site following the forced removal of the Piqua Indians from their homes in Greentown. The Native Americans first attacked the home of the Frederick Zimmer family, killing Zimmer, his wife and daughter, and their neighbor, Martin Ruffner. Several days later, a settler, James Copus, and three militamen were killed while defending Copus&#39; home and family. There is a historical marker in the day use area of the lake that recounts the stories of "Frontier Violence During the War of 1812" and "English-Allied Indian Attacks", and a monument honoring these events was erected on Route 603, near the damn.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<h3>Charles Mill Dam</h3><br>
<p>Charles Mill Dam is located on the Black Fork of the Mohican River, 10 mi east of Mansfield, Ohio and 10 mi southwest of Ashland, Ohio. The lake is located in Ashland County and Richland County, with the dam being located in Ashland County. Charles Mill Dam was constructed from 1935–1936 and is primarily for flood control, but is also used for recreation, and fish and wildlife management.</p><br>
<p>Charles Mill Dam is a rolled earth fill dam with an impervious, water-resistant, clay core. The dam, is 48 ft high, 1,390 ft long and 20 ft wide. The flood reduction system also includes two dikes and one levee. These structures, the dam, dikes and levee, hold the water that may build up behind them from the 215 square miles drainage area the dam serves. The dam also has two spillways to handle water above the maximum the dam is designed to hold; one is built into the gate house, the other is beyond the gate house against the right abutment. There are five gates which allow the water to pass through the dam and provide control of it. During the summer months the lake is kept at about 31 ft at the dam which provides 1,350 acre of water surface. At that level the water is backed up the Black Fork about 5.2 mi. When the dam is holding the maximum flood water it is designed to hold there would be 6,050 acre surface acres of water behind the dam and water would be backed up the Black Fork 19.8 mi.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron  is an early sacred site on the eastern coast of Attica near the Aegean Sea in a small inlet. The inlet has silted up since ancient times, pushing the current shoreline farther from the site. A nearby hill, c. 24 m high and 220 m to the southeast, was inhabited during the Neolithic era, c. 2000 BCE, and flourished particularly from Middle Helladic to early Mycenaean times  as a fortified site . Occupation ceased in the LHIIIb period, and the acropolis was never significantly resettled after this time. This gap in the occupation of the site lasted from LHIIIb  until the 8th century BCE. Brauron was one of the twelve ancient settlements of Attica prior to the synoikismos of Theseus, who unified them with Athens.</p><br>
<p>The cult of Artemis Brauronia connected the coastal (rural) sanctuary at Brauron with another (urban) sanctuary on the acropolis in Athens, the Brauroneion, from which there was a procession every four years during the Arkteia festival. The tyrant Pisistratus was Brauronian by birth, and he is credited with transferring the cult to the Acropolis, thus establishing it on the statewide rather than local level. The sanctuary contained a small temple of Artemis, a unique stone bridge, cave shrines, a sacred spring, and a pi-shaped (Π) stoa that included dining rooms for ritual feasting. The unfortified site continued in use until tensions between the Athenians and the Macedonians the 3rd century BCE caused it to be abandoned. After that time, no archaeologically significant activity occurred at the site until the erection of a small church in the 6th century CE.</p><br>
<p>Votive dedications at the sanctuary include a number of statues of young children of both sexes, as well as many items pertaining to feminine life, such as jewelry boxes and mirrors. Large numbers of miniature kraters (krateriskoi) have been recovered from the site, many depicting young girls — either nude or clothed — racing or dancing. The Archaeological Museum of Brauron — located around a small hill 330 m to the ESE — contains an extensive and important collection of finds from the site throughout its period of use.</p><br>
<h2>Mythology and history</h2><br>
<p>As the Greek fleet was preparing to sail to Troy to force the return of Helen, they gathered in Aulis near the Euripus Strait. While there, king Agamemnon killed a stag sacred to the goddess Artemis. The enraged deity caused a contrary wind and eventually forced the king to agree to sacrifice his daughter Iphigeneia in order to ensure a favorable wind for the Greek fleet. In one version of the myth, a surrogate sacrifice was provided through the divine intervention of Artemis, and the saved girl then became a priestess of the goddess among the Tauri, a people living near the Black Sea in the Crimean peninsula. Subsequent to these events, Iphigenia returns from among the Tauri with the assistance of her brother Orestes. In Euripides&#39; version of the myth, the goddess Athena reveals that Iphigenia will make landfall in Brauron and there be the priestess of Artemis, die, and be buried:</p><br>
<p>ATHENA:</p><br>
<p>And Orestes, learn well my commands – for you hear</p><br>
<p>the voice of the goddess although you are not present –</p><br>
<p>set forth taking the (sacred) image and your sister,</p><br>
<p>and when you reach god-built Athens,</p><br>
<p>there is a place on the outermost borders</p><br>
<p>of Attica, a neighbor of the Karustia ridge,</p><br>
<p>sacred, and my people name it Halai.</p><br>
<p>Build a temple there and set up the wooden image</p><br>
<p>– named for the Tauric land and for your struggles,</p><br>
<p>which you endured wandering through Greece</p><br>
<p>due to the goads of the Furies. And in the future mortals</p><br>
<p>shall sing hymns to the goddess Artemis Tauropolos.</p><br>
<p>And set up this law: whenever the people keep the festival</p><br>
<p>as a payment of your sacrifice, hold a sword</p><br>
<p>at a man&#39;s throat and draw blood,</p><br>
<p>so that by this the goddess may have her holy honors.</p><br>
<p>And you, Iphigenia, beside the holy stairs</p><br>
<p>of Brauron you must hold the keys for the goddess herself:</p><br>
<p>where you will die and be buried, and – as a delight for you –</p><br>
<p>they will dedicate the finely woven material of woven cloth</p><br>
<p>which by chance women having lost their lives in childbirth</p><br>
<p>abandon in their homes. I command you to send forth</p><br>
<p>these Greek women from this land</p><br>
<p>due to their correct intentions.</p><br>
<p>Euripides, Iphigeneia in Tauris 1446–1468.</p><br>
<p>The poet asserts a close connection between the nearby sanctuary of Artemis Tauropolos at Halai (modern day Loutsa) and the Sanctuary at Brauron, where Iphigenia is to receive honors in the cult of Artemis. As is often the case, there were multiple competing versions of the relevant myths, but the mythical connection between the three coastal sanctuaries of Artemis is clear. Halai Araphenides (the Salt Fields of Araphen, modern Rafina) was the ancient name of modern Loutsa, a beach resort half-way between Rafina and Vravrona, where the ruins of a small temple to Artemis Tauropolos have been excavated from underneath the sand dunes originally covering the area.</p><br>
<p>Cult activity is known from the 8th century BCE forward from dedications in the sacred spring, and a temple was built in the 6th century BCE. In the 420s BCE, there was a period of significant architectural activity at the site, including the addition of the Π-shaped stoa, the bridge and reconstruction work on the temple. Since Artemis was connected in myth to both plague and healing — as was her brother Apollo — it may be that this activity was taken as a result of the plague that struck Athens in this period. The unfortified site continued in use until the 3rd century BCE, when tensions between Athens and the Macedonians caused it to be abandoned, perhaps after the site was damaged in a flood. In the 2nd century CE the periegetic writer Pausanias has uncharacteristically little to say concerning the Sanctuary at Brauron or its mythology/history, but what he does relate contradicts Euripides:</p><br>
<p>Brauron is some way from Marathon, they say that Iphigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon, having fled from the Taurians bearing an image of Artemis made landfall at this place. They say that she left the image here and went herself to Athens and then later to Argos. This xoanon (wooden image) of Artemis was ancient, but I will reveal just who — in my personal opinion — has the one taken from the Barbarians in another discussion.</p><br>
<p>Description of Greece 1.33.1</p><br>
<p>The author does not describe a visit to the sanctuary or enumerate its structures since there was apparently nothing impressive to see at that time. The site was preserved from dilapidation by the silting of the nearby Erasinos river; however, a Christian basilica was built in the 6th century CE on the other side of the valley using spoliated material from the sanctuary. After that time, no archaeologically significant activity occurred at the site until the erection of a small church dedicated to Hagios Georgios in the 15th century CE was erected immediately adjacent to the temple platform on the southwest side, perhaps on the remains of a small shrine.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology of the sanctuary</h2><br>
<p>In 1945, Ioannes Papadimitriou began excavating this site. Professor Ch. Bouras continued the restoration during the 1950s to 1962. Among the fifth-century monuments are the Π-shaped stoa around the interior courtyard, opening toward the temple of Artemis; the small temple (perhaps a heroon of Iphigeneia); and the stone bridge over the Erasinos River. Building repair inscriptions from the site list many more structures than have been recovered to this point, including a palaestra and a gymnasion.</p><br>
<h3>Temple of Artemis</h3><br>
<p>The first known temple at the sanctuary - dating to the late 6th century BCE - rests on a low rock spur south of the river and is aligned toward the east on a foundation measuring c. 11 by 20 m. Little is preserved beyond partial lower courses and cuttings in the bedrock for the same. There are a few remains of the architecture that allow a certain identification of the temple as being of the Doric order. The Persians destroyed the sanctuary structures in 480 BCE and took the cult statue back to Susa. The temple was reconstructed in the 420s BCE. Although the temple is poorly preserved, it can be reconstructed to have had four columns in the cella and an adyton at the rear of the cella. The presence of an adyton is asserted for the temple of Artemis at Loutsa (Artemida) 6.1 km to the north and the temple of Artemis at Aulis 67 km northwest. This feature may also be shared by the 6th century BCE Temple of Aphaea on Aigina. Schwandner links the shared feature of an adyton with a common, regional practice in the cult of Artemis. There is disagreement on the question of the temple having been hexastyle-prostyle (6 columns across the front only) or distyle in antis (2 columns between projecting walls) in plan. There is a stepped retaining wall on the northern side of the temple platform, which may be the steps mentioned by Euripides.</p><br>
<h3>Π-shaped stoa</h3><br>
<p>The Doric stoa wrapped around three sides of a central courtyard (20 by 27 m) and faced south toward the temple of Artemis. The foundations extend along the west wing for 38 m, the north wing for 48 m, and the east wing for 63 m. Only the north colonnade of the stoa (11 columns) and one column of each of the two wings were completed. Behind the colonnade, there was a passageway containing many votive stelae (some with votive statues of children at top) and doorways into nine roughly square rooms (c. 5.5 by 5.5 m) on the north and west sides of the structure.</p><br>
<p>These doorways were off-center relative to the rooms, each of which had raised platforms extending from all sides. On these platforms are many cuttings (some still containing lead) designed to hold dining couches — eleven couches for each dining room. Some of the rooms preserve small stone tables situated in front of the location of the couches. These structures are among the most paradigmatic examples of Greek dining rooms known. The walls of these rooms were constructed of a single course of massive limestone ashlar blocks that have no cuttings on their upper surfaces. The walls were thus completed in mud brick to the level of the roof. On the western side of the stoa there was an entrance with wheel ruts worn into the stone floor and in line with the Classical bridge.</p><br>
<p>The stoa was built of local limestone covered in marble stucco, except for the Doric capitals, the metopes, the lintels, and the thresholds, which were produced from marble. A highly atypical feature of this design was the use of two triglyphs in the inter-columnar interval as opposed to the typical single triglyph. This was done to lower the total height of the entablature while allowing the metopes to remain square in form. In addition, the returning angles of the frieze demanded the architectural accommodation of corner expansion (as opposed to the corner contraction seen on many temples) to harmonize the intervals of the triglyphs, which could not be placed dead center over the corner column.</p><br>
<p>Immediately north of the stoa and sharing a common wall was a structure of unknown function with elaborate entrances on both west and east sides. On its long axis it measured 48m (equivalent to the stoa) and was c. 11 m wide. Along the northern wall of this structure there was a series of slotted bases for narrow (perhaps wooden) planks; these planks are hypothesized to have held the garments dedicated to Iphegenia, as discussed by Euripides.</p><br>
<h3>Stone bridge</h3><br>
<p>This stone bridge is the only known example of a Classical period bridge in Greece. It uses the standard post and lintel construction of its time, rather than arches as later bridges do. It measured c. 9 m wide with a span of c. 8 m that consisted of four rows of lintel blocks resting on five rows of posts (the two end points and three intermediate supports). Wheel ruts are cut into the stones of the bridge at an oblique angle toward a simple entrance on the west side of the stoa; these cuttings do not go toward the elaborate propylon (monumental entranceway) of the structure north of the stoa as might seem more likely.</p><br>
<h3>Sacred spring</h3><br>
<p>A spring emerged from the northwest end of the rock spur running down from the acropolis hill to the southeast of the site. This spring was the focus of cult activity from the 8th century BCE forward. The first activity on the site known after the Bronze Age is thus linked to cultic practice at this spring. Dedications were made by throwing objects into this sacred spring, which was located immediately northwest of the later temple platform.</p><br>
<h3>Small shrine</h3><br>
<p>About 12m southeast of the Temple of Artemis a small shrine (Μικρον ιερον) of c. 5.5 by 8 m was built into the space between the face of the rock spur and a mass of fallen rock measuring 25 m in length. The c. 6 m wide space between the face of the rock spur and the fallen rock is densely packed with structural remains of uncertain function. This area has been associated with the propitiation of Iphigenia, perhaps in the form of a heroon. It is probable that some of these structures were in place before the rock fall, and it is possible that the small shrine replaced a cult site (perhaps for Iphigenia) destroyed by the collapse of the rock overhang under which it was built. The area between the face of the rock spur and the fallen rock has been termed a “cave” in some publications. There is another cave higher on the rock, approximately over the entrance to the archaeological site. This was converted into a makeshift chapel of St. George, possibly several centuries ago.</p><br>
<h2>Cult of Artemis Brauronia</h2><br>
<p>The Arkteia festival was celebrated every four years and involved a procession from the shrine of Artemis Brauronia on the acropolis of Athens, 24.5 km WNW of the sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>At the isolated sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron, young Athenian girls approaching marriageable age formed groups consecrated for a time to Artemis as arktoi, she-bears, and spent their time in sacred dances, wearing honey-colored saffron robes, running races and making sacrifice. Vase paintings show that cultic nudity was an element in these preparations for womanhood. An epigram in the Anthologia Graeca concerns the offerings of childish playthings a nubile young girl dedicates to Artemis on the eve of marriage; many such tokens have been recovered from the spring at Brauron. There may have been joint worship of Iphegenia accociated with a cult site, or heroon that may have been located in the “cave” between the face of the rock spur and the fallen rock. The goddess Artemis was a danger to be propitiated by women during child-birth and of the newborn: to her were dedicated the clothes of women who had successfully borne a child;. The garments of women who died in childbirth were dedicated to Iphigeneia at Brauron.</p><br>
<h2>Vravrona Signal Tower</h2><br>
<p>The tower was within optical range of other similar towers used for signalling with smoke during the day and fire during the night. Messages could be relayed very quickly and it is said that a message could be transferred from the shores of Asia to the shores of Europe within an hour. The towers of Vravron as well as Liada were also used to signal the appearance of pirates to the residents of the region. Local lore suggests that the tower was of Venetian origin between 1394 and 1405, but archeological investigations show that it was probably built by the Burgundian Dukes De La Roche (1204–1311) at least one hundred years earlier.</p><br>
<h2>Modern Vravrona</h2><br>
<p>The modern Brauron, known as Vravrona, is a tiny settlement of Markopoulo located nearly 1 km southeast of the archaeological site. It contains dozens of homes; the population in 1991 was 90. The urban area lies about 200 m northward and is linked with a road between Markopoulo and Artemis (Loutsa). The town never grew because the adjacent gulf of Vravrona is rocky and not suited to swimming. The area, amply watered by the seasonal Erasinos river, was once famous for its tomatoes and figs. The locally grown batala tomato varietal is considered the best in Greece: it is sweet, very flavorful, very large and fleshy, and consequently very heavy. This spelled the varietal&#39;s commercial doom, as the fruit cannot be stored at all because it collapses under its own weight within a few days after picking. It was only sold at roadside stands by local farmers. Nowadays batala tomatoes are found only in home gardens. The Vravrona or "royal" figs are also very large, sweet, with a thin, light green skin even when fully ripe. They are also practically impossible to store, and furthermore they grow so large that, as soon as they are perfectly ripe, their underside starts bursting apart. This means they are commercially non-viable and their cultivation is restricted to home orchards.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological Museum</h2><br>
<p>The museum is about a 5 minute drive from the archaeological site. It was renovated in 2009 and the exhibits were rearranged. The site remains open daily from 8:30am to 3pm.</p><br>
<h2>Nearest places</h2><br>
<p>Artemida (Loutsa), To the north, also has a temple of Artemis beside the shore</p><br>
<p>Limani Mesogeias (most known as Porto Rafti), south</p><br>
<p>Markopoulo Mesogeias, southwest</p><br>
<h2>Images of the Sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron</h2><br>
<p>Buøy is an island in the borough of Hundvåg in the city of Stavanger in Rogaland county, Norway. The 0.6 km&sup2; island was formerly separated from the island of Hundvåg by a small channel of water, but that was filled in. Buøy is connected to the mainland city of Stavanger by a series of bridges over three other islands and the Byfjorden.</p><br>
<p>Buøy is also the name of an official neighborhood (delområde) of the city. The neighborhood has a population of 1,792 which is distributed over an area of 1.19 km&sup2; including the islands of Buøy, Engøy, Sølyst, and Grasholmen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name "Buøy" comes from Bu-skap and øy, meaning an island where farmers earlier had their cattle.</p><br>
<p>Buøy has long been the site for Rosenberg Mekaniske Verksted. Rosenberg was founded in 1896, started up in Sandvigå in Stavanger and moved to Buøy in 1898. Rosenberg started making ships here and later moved on to building supertankers and constructing platforms for the Norwegian oil industry in the North Sea. At the beginning of the century Rosenberg had a great influence on the development of Buøy and in September 1915 they stated the need for regulated roads, a ferry connection and a stable water supply for the island. Rosenberg Verft AS (as it is known today) has about 500 employees and is a major contractor within the Norwegian oil and gas market.</p><br>
<p>Buøy is today well known for its famous 17.5 m, 3.5 m water tower which stands on the island&#39;s tallest mountain. The tower has a wind vane on the top of it with an image of a mother and a son by a well pump. The bright-yellow tower was built in 1919–1920 and is a well-known landmark in the Stavanger region.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, Buøy was connected to the mainland when the city bridge was built.</p><br>
<p>Buøy also has two football pitches.</p><br>
<p>Old Fort Johnson, or Fort Johnson, was a two-story stone house enclosed in fortifications built by Sir William Johnson about 1749 in the town of Amsterdam, Montgomery County, New York, United States. The fort served as Johnsons home, business office and trading center until 1763 when he moved to Johnson Hall in what is now Johnstown, New York. Sir Williams son Sir John Johnson owned the house from 1763 until 1776, when it was confiscated by the local Committee of Safety. The house is now located directly across from the Fort Johnson Volunteer Fire Company in Fort Johnson, New York.</p><br>
<p>The house remains and is owned and operated as a museum by the Montgomery County Historical Society. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>York River State Park is located near the unincorporated town of Croaker in James City County, Virginia on the south bank of the York River about 10 miles downstream from West Point.</p><br>
<p>The York River is formed from the confluence of the Mattaponi River and the Pamunkey River at West Point. The York River empties into the Chesapeake Bay about 30 miles downstream from Croaker Landing.</p><br>
<p>In the state park, the historical Croaker Landing is an archaeological site listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1987. The name "Croaker" is believed to have derived from the abundant quantity of Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), an inshore, bottom-dwelling fish found in the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the York River. The site contains evidence of Native American habitation throughout the Woodland period (c. 1000 B.C. - A.D. 1600). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The town of Croaker was known in its early history as Taskinas Plantation. It was the site of a 17th and 18th century public tobacco warehouse where local planters stored their crops to be shipped to England.</p><br>
<p>York River State Park opened in 1980. It is accessed via Exit 231-B of Interstate 64, which is signed "Croaker-Norge." The old Richmond-Williamsburg Stage Road, now USA Route 60, also is nearby.</p><br>
<p>Fort Washakie was a U.S Army fort in what is now the USA state of Wyoming. The fort was established in 1869 and named Camp Augur after General Christopher C. Augur, commander of the Department of the Platte. In 1870 the camp was renamed Camp Brown in honor of Captain Frederick H. Brown, who was killed in the Fetterman Massacre in 1866.</p><br>
<p>It was renamed again in 1878 in honor of Chief Washakie of the Shoshone tribe, making the fort the only U.S military outpost named after a Native American. The fort was operated as a military outpost until 1909, when it was decommissioned and turned over to the Shoshone Indian Agency. The graves of Washakie and Lewis and Clark Expedition guide Sacajawea are located on the grounds of the fort. The site is included within the present-day Wind River Indian Reservation.</p><br>
<p>Harrington Sound is a large inland body of water in the northeast of the main island of Bermuda. It is surrounded by the main island on all sides, only appearing open to the ocean via a small channel called Flatts Inlet in the southwest. Much of the sounds water flows to and from the ocean via subterranean cavern systems, notably Crystal Cave and Leamington Cave.</p><br>
<p>Harrington Sound is surrounded by the parishes of Smiths, Hamilton, and St. Georges. It is well known for fishing, swimming, sailing and kayaking.</p><br>
<p>The sound was named for Lucy Harington, Countess of Bedford. Local superstition stipulates the crater is bottomless. There are numerous small islands in the sound, notably Trunk Island.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, as Bermudas human population (and fishing) has increased there has been an equivalent drop in the populations of the sounds formerly abundant shellfish, such as Bermuda Scallops.</p><br>
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<p>The Amesbury Friends Meetinghouse is a Friends Meeting House at 120 Friend Street in Amesbury, Massachusetts. Built in 1850 under the guidance of John Greenleaf Whittier, it is home to one of the leading Quaker congregations of the region, and historically hosted quarterly meetings for Quakers from across eastern Massachusetts and southeastern New Hampshire. The meetinghouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Amesbury Friends Meetinghouse is located west of downtown Amesbury, on the south side of Friend Street, at the southwest corner of its junction with Greenleaf Street. It is a simple 1-1/2 story wood frame building, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The main facade is three bays wide, with sash windows flanking a center entrance, and a smaller window in the gable above. The building sides each have three windows. The interior has a vestibule spanning the building width, leading to the main chamber, with a gallery above. The main chamber has movable partitions, which can be raised and lowered by means of pulleys. These facilitate both the conduct of services by the entire congregation, and the conduct of business meetings, which were historically segregated by sex.</p><br>
<p>The Amesbury congregation of the Society of Friends is the oldest in northeastern Massachusetts, dating to 1657. Initially meeting in what is now southern New Hampshire to avoid persecution by the Puritan authorities of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, they built their first meeting house in 1705. The present building is their fourth, and was completed in 1851. The poet John Greenleaf Whittier, a member of long standing in the congregation and by then already well known, was a leading force on the building committee. The buildings comparatively large size is a reflection of the congregations importance as a host of the regional quarterly meetings. From 1851 to 1962, the meetinghouse hosted the Salem Quarterly meeting. The Amesbury Monthly Meeting of Friends is a current thriving congregation, with Meeting for Worship every Sunday at 10 AM. The facing bench displays a small plaque that reads, "Whittier&#39;s Bench."</p><br>
<p>S. R. Crown Hall, designed by the German-American Modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, is the home of the College of Architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Widely regarded as one of Mies van der Rohe&#39;s masterpieces, Crown Hall, completed in 1956, is one of the most architecturally significant buildings of the 20th century Modernist movement. Crown Hall is considered architecturally significant because Mies van der Rohe refined the basic steel and glass construction style, beautifully capturing simplicity and openness. While designing Crown Hall, Mies stayed true to his famous words, "less is more" and he considered the building to be the best embodiment of that maxim. Mies once described his creation as being "almost nothing." With World War II and the Great Depression leaving a large break in construction, Mies reconstructed curriculum to appreciate minimalism and to focus on using only what was necessary; an approach not yet favorable in most architecture schools of the time.</p><br>
<p>Centrally located on the campus of the Illinois Institute of Technology, two miles south of downtown Chicago, Illinois, the building houses IIT&#39;s school of architecture. The two-level building is configured as a pure rectangular form, 220 ft. by 120 ft. by 18 ft. tall. The enclosed space is column free with four six ft. steel plate girders welded to eight H-columns. These girders suspend the roof in a single plane to form a primary structure. While the lower level consists of compartmentalized rooms, the upper level occupies almost 50% of the total area of the building, but only includes one large, open classroom.</p><br>
<p>The design for Crown Hall is said to be derived from the Cantor Drive-In Restaurant which Mies van der Rohe had recently designed in 1945. Crown Hall is characterized by an aesthetic of industrial simplicity with articulated exposed steel frame construction. The lower 8 ft. of glass encircling the steel frame is a glazed transparency meant to allow for few outside distractions, while the upper 10 ft. is clear glass to allow more natural light in as well as viewing of the clouds and sky. This results in a delicate steel and glass facade enclosing an open plane. Mies called the Crown Hall a "universal space", because its design permits change in the function of the building while the architecture focuses on the permanence of the building&#39;s surroundings. Upon its opening, Mies van der Rohe declared it "the clearest structure we have done, the best to express our philosophy". One critic calls it the Parthenon of the 20th Century.</p><br>
<p>On March 27, 2012, Mies van der Rohe&#39;s 126th birthday, Google honored the architect and this icon of his achievement with a poetic doodle of Crown Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status and renovation</h2><br>
<p>S.R. Crown Hall was named a Chicago Landmark in 1997, a National Historic Landmark in 2001, and the remainder of the IIT Main Campus was entered into the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>In August 2005, a major renovation was completed by Krueck and Sexton Architects, rescuing the building from years of lagging maintenance, enhancing its accessibility and functionality, improving overall energy and environmental performance, and restoring Crown close to its 1956 appearance. The original Detroit graphite lead paint was stripped from the structural steel and replaced with a lead-free black Tnemec urethane coating. The glazing was completely replaced with panes and stops that meet current wind load requirements. True sandblasted glass, original to the building but absent since a prior renovation, was installed in the lower panes. The entire travertine-paved south terrace was replaced. Interior wood partitions and storage lockers were refinished and resurfaced. Additionally, electrical and ethernet wiring was added to the main floor and restoration of the vents.</p><br>
<p>Eclipse Island is a barren island in Western Australia, 17 km due south of Albany, and 6.1 km south of the nearest point of the mainland coast, which is Cave Point on the southern coast of Torndirrup Peninsula. Eclipse Island Lighthouse is located near the centre of the island. Nearby South West Island contains Western Australia&#39;s southernmost landmass.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>The island was named for an observation on 28 September 1791 by Captain George Vancouver "observed this Wednesday morning a partial solar eclipse. He went on the name the barren rocky cluster of isles."</p><br>
<p>The island supports a large colony of introduced rabbits and another common introduced pest the arum lily has also been introduced to the island in the past.</p><br>
<p>The island is composed of granite and has a total area of 99 hectare and was declared a Class 1A Nature Reserve in 2000. It is a waypoint for the Volvo Ocean Race.</p><br>
<p>The island has a landing stage that is 30 ft above the water line to service the 360 ft lighthouse which also houses Western Australia&#39;s most southerly weather recording station. In 1950 four families were living on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>The island has been classified as an Important Bird Area because it has been reported as supporting over 1% of the world&#39;s breeding population of flesh-footed shearwaters (6000-8000 pairs) and great-winged petrels (10,000-15,000 pairs). Other birds that are found on the island include wedge-tailed shearwaters, little shearwaters, Caspian terns and Pacific gulls.</p><br>
<p>Cape Sable, Florida, is the southernmost point of the United States mainland and mainland Florida. It is located in southwestern Florida, in Monroe County, and is part of the Everglades National Park.</p><br>
<p>The cape is a peninsula issuing from the southeastern part of the Florida mainland, running west and curving around to the north, reaching Ponce de Leon Bay, at the mouth of the Shark River. It forms the southern and western margins of Whitewater Bay.</p><br>
<p>There are three prominent points on the cape, East Cape, which is the actual southernmost point of the Florida and United States mainland and the location of Lake Ingraham, the southernmost lake in the United States of America, Middle Cape, also known as Palm Point, and Northwest Cape. The cape has many lakes and beaches.</p><br>
<p>Cape Sable is home to the mangrove diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin rhizophorarum) and the Florida gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus). Before Hurricane Donna reduced their range in 1960, more than 3,000 of the now-endangered Cape Sable seaside sparrows (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis) used the cape.</p><br>
<p>Nearly the full length of the cape facing Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico is a fine sand beach extending inland less than 100 yard. Behind the beach in the eastern and middle parts of the cape is a marl prairie, extending from Flamingo to approximately Northwest Point. Inland from the marl prairie, and over all of the northern part of the cape behind the beaches, is a complex of marshes and mangrove covered land. The largest lake on the cape is Lake Ingraham, which is long and narrow, running just behind the beach from near East Cape to past Middle Cape.</p><br>
<p>There is little evidence of any extensive settlement of Cape Sable by humans. There are adequate sources of fresh water on the cape, and areas of arable land. There are a few small Indian shell mounds there. The Spanish reported a Tequesta village on the cape. The pre-Seminole tribes of south Florida did not practice agriculture, and probably used the cape as a base for fishing and hunting.</p><br>
<p>Mariners and fishermen visited Cape Sable to take on fresh water. Hunters also visited the cape, which had more wildlife than the Florida Keys. During the Second Seminole War, residents of the Florida Keys worried about Seminoles&#39; using Cape Sable and threatening the Florida Keys. In 1840, a Seminole raiding party, which was believed to have traveled over Cape Sable, attacked and destroyed the settlement on Indian Key.</p><br>
<p>The United States government was concerned that Spanish authorities in Cuba were supplying the Seminole to support their resistance. They knew that Cuban fishermen, including the Spanish Indians who had been evacuated to Cuba from Florida in 1821, continued to fish along the southwest Florida coast. The United States Army established Fort Poinsett on East Cape in 1838 to discourage contacts with the Spanish and to protect the Florida Keys. This fort did not prevent the Seminole attack on Indian Key. In 1856, during the Third Seminole War, the Army established Fort Cross on Middle Cape. Traces of Fort Poinsett could be seen until it was destroyed by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935.</p><br>
<p>Turner&#39;s Gap is a wind gap in the South Mountain Range of the Blue Ridge Mountains, located in Frederick County and Washington County, Maryland. The gap is traversed by USA Route 40 Alternate, the old National Pike. The Appalachian Trail also crosses the gap.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The gap is 200 ft below the ridgline to the south, 400 ft below the ridgline to the south and 400 ft above the surrounding lowlands. To the east of the gap lies the Middletown Valley and to the west the Hagerstown Valley. Fox&#39;s Gap is 1 mi to the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Old South Mountain Inn and Dahlgren Chapel are located at Turners Gap.</p><br>
<p>Turners Gap was the scene of heavy fighting during the Battle of South Mountain in September 1862 during the American Civil War. The area is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Turners and Fox&#39;s Gaps Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Blue Heron Lake is an "L"-shaped man-made lake located in East Riverside Park in the east of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Created in 1997, it serves to treat the outflow from a storm water drain.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Fishing is permitted in it, by catch and release only. Many reptiles make the habitat around the lake their home; the snakes are garter snake, fox snake, ribbon snake and some massasauga rattlesnakes. There are turtles such as: painted turtles, snapping turtles, musk turtles, red-eared sliders, yellow-bellied sliders, and northern map turtles. There have been many reports of an enormous snapping turtle with a carapace length of 3 feet (1 m). There was a turtle slightly larger, almost 5 feet, but it died during the winter of 2004-2005. There are also many birds such as gulls, herons, sparrows, red-winged blackbirds, geese and ducks. The lake area is a favorite spot for children,they sport fish off of the Blue Heron Lake bridge and other areas around the lake. There are many fish in the lake such as sunfish, bluegill, pumpkinseed, perch, bass, koi, pike, minnows, shad and catfish. It has been confirmed that there is a muskellunge in Blue Heron Lake. The lake has a maximum depth of 8 m.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational Use</h2><br>
<p>Blue Heron Lake was connected with the Ganatchio Trail in July 2006. Many people come to the lake to run or walk. During winter when the lake freezes, it is used for ice skating or to play hockey. In summer months, people will go canoeing and courses are held to teach how to do so. Fishing is something that many do. A park is across the street and to the southwest corner of the lake. A great blue bridge occupies the center of the lake to cross over, and a hill is near by which used to be a landfill, called East Riverside Hill.</p><br>
<p>Mabuiag  is an island in the Bellevue Islands, 100 km north of Thursday Island Queensland, Australia in the Napoleon Passage and Arnolds Passage of Torres Strait. It has other traditional names as well, such as Gumu .</p><br>
<p>This island is one of the Torres Strait Islands, originally named by Captain William Bligh, "Jervis Island", and so labelled on early English language maps. The language of the island is Kala Lagaw Ya.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations have shown that people arrived on Mabuiag at least 7300 years ago. During this period, Islanders were able to survive by fishing and hunting dugong. The island continued to be occupied by small communities for the subsequent 5000 years, with pottery (usually associated with Melanesian peoples) found at two sites, Mui (East coast of Mabuiag) and Mask Cave (on adjacent islet, Pulu) dating from approximately 2000 years ago. The past 1000 years witnessed expansion in site use, including formation of multiple ethnographically-significant villages, including Goemu, Wagadagam and Dabangay. During the past 400–500 years large, highly structured mounds of dugong bone, as well as shell and stone arrangements provide evidence for emerging totemic divisions</p><br>
<p>The "Footprints before me – Torres Strait Island Missions and Communities" webpage tells the following history of Mabuiag Island and the people living there</p><br>
<p>"The Mabuiag people had a reputation for hostility to outsiders until their acceptance of Christianity in the early 1870s. In 1877 the mission moved to Bau where the water supply was better. Later, the missionaries persuaded the people to join them at Bau, which became the main settlement. By 1898, Mabuiag people were labouring on pearling luggers for wages, while many followed work to Thursday Island and further to the mainland. An official presence on Mabuiag began during the mid-1920s when Queensland Government posted teachers there. An Island Industries Board store opened in 1946"</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The island is one of the only ones in the Strait to have an airport, though its runway is the smallest in Australia to have commercial service. The runway as Mabuiag Island Airport is only 390 metres long.</p><br>
<h2>Security Issues</h2><br>
<p>On 5 February 2008, after working on the island for a couple of months, a 27-year-old nurse from New South Wales was attacked and raped in her sleeping quarters by a resident of the island; previously, she had frequently emailed her superiors on Thursday Island about the lack of adequate security on the island. The incident prompted a review of security on the island and an inquiry into the sexual attack was launched by the Government of Queensland. In February 2009, more than a year after it had begun, the inquiry&#39;s findings had still not been released, while the alleged rapist, Dennis Kris, 23, was on bail before being due to be sentenced later that year.</p><br>
<p>On Monday, 16 August 2010, Dennis William Kris pleaded guilty in the Cairns District Court to rape, unlawfully entering a dwelling to commit an indictable offence and unlawfully entering a dwelling at night with intent. Judge William Everson sentenced Kris to six years jail on the first count, three years on the second, one year on the third, to be served concurrently. Everson ordered, however, that as Kris had spent 785 days in pre-sentence custody, he could apply for immediate parole. Kriss mother worked at the medical centre on Mabuiag. Kris stole keys to the centre and sleeping quarters from his mothers briefcase. He let himself into the facility late at night where he attacked the sleeping woman. He and several friends then stayed outside the facility until daylight, calling out to and mocking the victim. Kris had disabled the nurses telephone while he was in the building so she could not call for assistance. When the nurse called her Queensland Health superiors on Thursday Island the morning after the rape, she was told to "put it behind you and get back to work". The nurse left the island that day to seek medical help; Queensland Health immediately stopped her pay – it was only reinstated when the details were published in The Australian.</p><br>
<p>In April 2010, a Magistrates&#39; Court was opened on the island for the first time. The court is part of the Torres Strait Court Circuit which is conducted on various islands in the Torres Strait on a rotational basis.</p><br>
<p>Castle Harbour is a large natural harbour in Bermuda. It is located between the northeastern end of the main island and St. David&#39;s Island. Originally called Southampton Port, it was renamed as a result of its heavy fortification in the early decades of the Seventeenth century.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>A gem of Bermudas coastline, it is surrounded by St. Georges Parish in the north, east, south (Tuckers Town), and Hamilton Parish in the west. A chain of islands and rocks stretches across the main opening to the Atlantic Ocean, in the east, notably Coopers Island (which was made a landmass contiguous to St. Davids Island and Longbird Island in the 1940s), and Nonsuch Island. The only channel suitable for large vessels to enter the harbour from the open Atlantic is Castle Roads, which was historically guarded by a number of fortifications, on Castle Island, Southampton Island, and Charles Island. Forts were also placed nearby on other small islands, and on the Tuckers Town peninsula of the Main Island. In the west, The Causeway crosses from the main island to St. Davids Island, and beyond this a stretch of water known as Ferry Reach connects the harbour with St. Georges Harbour to the north, where Bermudas first permanent settlement, St. Georges Town, was founded in 1612. An unincorporated settlement, Tucker&#39;s Town, was established on the peninsula of the Main Island at the south-west of the harbour. The settlement was cleared by compulsory purchase order in the 1920s in order to create a luxury enclave where homes could be purchased by wealthy foreigners, and the attendant Mid Ocean Golf Club. In Hamilton Parish, on the western shore of the harbour, lies Walsingham Bay, the site where, in 1609-10, the crew of the wrecked Sea Venture built the Patience, one of two ships built, which carried most of the survivors of the wrecking to Jamestown, Virginia, in 1610. The Patience returned to Bermuda with Admiral Sir George Somers, who died in Bermuda later that year.</p><br>
<p>There are many islands and beach areas in the harbour, and numerous subterranean waterways link its waters with that of Harrington Sound in the southwest, notably Crystal Cave.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Castle Islands</h2><br>
<p>Several of the islands were fortified in the early days of the territory, hence the harbours name. When official settlement of the archipelago by England began in 1612 (unofficial settlement having begun with the 1609 wrecking of the Sea Venture) the first permanent town, St. Georges (then called New London) was placed on the north side of St. Georges Harbour. St. Georges Harbour could be accessed directly by channels from the East. Those channels, however, were shallow, suitable, originally, only for small ships. As a consequence, and despite any major settlement on its shores, Castle Harbour was an important anchorage in the early years of the colony, with its main entrance, Castle Roads being an important route in from the open Atlantic for shipping. It was also a weakpoint, as it was remote from the defences of St. George&#39;s Harbour, and difficult to reach. It was quickly fortified and garrisoned by a standing militia.</p><br>
<p>Initial fortification by the Virginia Companys (Bermuda was originally settled as an extension of Virginia) first deliberate settlers in 1612, was around the inlets to St. Georges Harbour, but by the end of that year work had commenced on Castle Harbours defences, starting at Castle Island (previously called Gurnetts Head, and Kings Island. As a temporary measure, two guns had been salvaged from the 1609 wreck of the Sea Venture, one of which was installed on Castle Island ) in 1612. Proper fortifications were soon raised under the instructions of Governor Richard Moore. Kings Castle is, today, the oldest surviving English fortification in the New World. It is Bermudas oldest standing stone building, predating the State House. Its Captains House, built a year after the State House, in 1621, is the oldest stone home in Bermuda. It is also the oldest standing English house in the New World. In 1614, Kings Castle famously replulsed Spains only ever attack on Bermuda. Two shots were fired from its artillery. Although neither struck, the Spanish vessel abandoned the attack (its crew did not realise that the gunners in the fort had only enough ammunition for one more shot). This fort was used as late as the Second World War by Bermudas military garrison, with soldiers living in tents within its walls, watching over the channels with machine guns. Other forts built at the south of Castle Harbour included Devonshire Redoubt (1620) and the Landward Fort, on Castle Island, Southampton Fort (1620), on Southampton Island (originally known as Moores Island and Brangmans Island), at the east side of Castle Roads, Old Castle, or Charles Fort, (1615), on Goat Island, Pembroke Fort, on Cooper&#39;s Island, and Fort Bruere, on the Main Island.</p><br>
<h2>Other fortifications on Castle Harbour</h2><br>
<p>At Ferry Reach, on the north of Castle Harbour (an area now separated by the Causeway), Burnt Point Fort, or Ferry Point Battery (1688), and Ferry Island Fort (1790s) were built, and, much later, in 1822, a Martello Tower. The island chain across the south of Castle Harbour is often referred to as the Castle Islands. Their fortifications are the oldest surviving English New World fortifications (due primarily to their having been constructed of stone, whereas contemporary English fortifications on the North American continent were built from timber and earth). They were also the first English coastal fortifications in the New World. As a result of their historical significance, they have been made a UNESCO World Heritage Site, together with St. George&#39;s Town.</p><br>
<p>Castle Harbour is the only breeding ground in the world of the famous rare seabird, the Bermuda petrel or cahow.</p><br>
<p>The north of the harbour was altered considerably during the Second World War, when the US Army built a large airbase, Kindley Field, which is today the Bermuda International Airport. This involved the levelling of Longbird Island, and several smaller islets, and infilling waterways and much of the harbour to create a land mass contiguous with St. Davidd Island and Coopers Island.</p><br>
<p>Paget Island is part of the chain which makes up Bermuda. It is located in St. George&#39;s Parish, in the northeast of the territory.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>The 36 acre (14.5 hectare) island is located at the northern entrance to St. Georges Harbor, east of the town of St. Georges and just to the north of the slightly larger Smiths Island. In the past Paget and nearby Smiths Island were used as whaling centers. Paget Island takes its name from William Paget, the fourth Lord of Paget, but before that was also known as Pennystones.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Cunningham</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s most prominent feature is Fort Cunningham, when the first Governor Richard Moore came in 1612 he recognized that Paget Island was the route from St. George to the Atlantic and any enemy vessel would come through here, the first battery built as far back as 1612, expanded in 1619, major works continued in the 1700s and 1800s, it is of historical importance, but now in a state of disrepair. In 1746 due to the high number of Prisoners of War and again during World War II it served as an internment camp for Germans and Austrians.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>The island itself is not easily accessible due to no regular ferry service. With advance permission from the Bermuda Government&#39;s Department of Youth, Sport and Recreation campers may stay on a 20-acre campsite, but only one group at a time.</p><br>
<p>Nonsuch Island  is part of the chain which makes up Bermuda. It is in St George&#39;s Parish , in the northeast of Bermuda. It is 5.7 ha  in area and is at the east entrance to Castle Harbour, close to the south-easternmost point of Cooper&#39;s Island . Latitude : 32° 20&#39; 52 N Longitude : 64° 39&#39; 48 W</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1865 it served as a yellow fever quarantine hospital. On the eastern part of the island there still remains a small cemetery. In 1930 it served as a base for William Beebe and Otis Barton&#39;s landmark bathysphere dive.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The island is a wildlife sanctuary. It is wooded and with a small freshwater marsh, access to the public is strictly limited. The restoration of the once barren island into a &#39;Living Museum of pre-colonial Bermuda&#39; is the lifetime work of now retired Bermudian ornithologist and conservationist David B. Wingate, and part of his effort to bring back from near-extinction the once plentiful endemic nocturnal seabird, and national emblem of Bermuda, the cahow. This project involves the reintroduction of other species, notably the West Indian topshell and the yellow-crowned night heron.</p><br>
<p>Accounts written at the time of Bermuda&#39;s settlement leave no doubt that herons and egrets of several species were resident and breeding on the island. Diego Ramirez (in Wilkinson 1950) describing the events of his shipwreck on Bermuda in 1603, wrote of "the many very large dark herons" and Sylvanus Jourdain, (in Lefroy 1877), a survivor of the Sea Venture shipwreck of 1609 that led to British settlement, reported in 1610 that "there are also great store and plenty of herons and those so familiar and tame that we beat them down from the trees with stones and staves, but such were young herons. Besides many white herons without so much as a black or grey feather on them." Likewise, William Strachey (in Lefroy 1877), another survivor of the Sea Venture and the official chronicler of the Virginia expedition, wrote of the "white and grey Hernshawes and bittons."</p><br>
<p>Castle Island is part of the chain which makes up Bermuda. It is located in St. George&#39;s Parish, in the northeast of the territory.</p><br>
<p>The 3.5 acre island is situated close to the entrance to Castle Harbour, to the north of the Tucker&#39;s Town Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Originally called King&#39;s Island, it is of historical significance. The King&#39;s Castle stone fortification on the island - which gives the harbour its name - dates to 1612, and is the oldest standing English fortification in the Americas and oldest stone building still in existence in Bermuda. The castle was the site of the successful defence of Bermuda from Spanish attack in 1614.</p><br>
<p>Several other fortifications from the same period are located on this, and nearby islands. This string of small islands, across the south of Castle Harbour, are known collectively as the Castle Islands. These forts, together with St. George&#39;s Town, and other forts in the parish, are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications".</p><br>
<p>Crook Hill is a small hill in the Peak District National Park in the English county of Derbyshire, 5 km northeast of Castleton.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The hill is situated above the A57 Snake Pass road between Sheffield and Manchester as it passes Ladybower Reservoir. Crook Hill is regarded as an outlier of Kinder Scout although the two are separated by the long western arm of Ladybower Reservoir. The hill has twin summits, the highest of which reaches a modest height of 382 m while the secondary top (sometimes referred to as Ladycrook Hill, although this name does not appear on Ordnance Survey maps) attains an altitude of 374 m. Geologically, the hill consists of Kinder Scout Grit, a kind of sandstone. Both the hill&#39;s summits give excellent views of the surrounding countryside with Ladybower Reservoir, Derwent Edge and Win Hill being the main attractions. Between the two summits there is some evidence of an ancient megalithic standing stone circle. The circle originally consisted of five stones around a surviving mound of which only two are still upright.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Crook Hill is normally climbed from the Derwent valley road just as it leaves the A57: a bridleway leaves the small car park at grid reference and climbs steeply and muddily up to Crookhill Farm, a working sheep farm owned by the National Trust which also offers accommodation to tourists. Once the farm is passed, a stile is climbed onto the open sheep pasture and it is then a straightforward walk to the two twin summits, which are on designated access land.</p><br>
<p>The Chin Hills are a range of mountains in Chin State, northwestern Burma , that extends northward into India&#39;s Manipur state.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The highest peak in the Chin Hills is Khonu Msung, or &#39; (Mount Victoria), in southern Chin State, which reaches 3,053 meters (10,500 feet). The Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma montane forests ecoregion has diverse forests with pine, camellia and teak. Falam is the largest town in the Chin Hills, lying at their southern edge.</p><br>
<p>The Chin Hills are the eastern part of the Patkai Range, which includes the Lushai Hills and runs through Nagaland in India, as well as part of Burma. The Lushai Hills are frequently discussed with the Chin Hills as the topography, people&#39;s culture and history are similar. The southern prolongation of the Chin Hills is the Arakan Range (Arakan Yoma), stretching as well from north to south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historically the area of the range has been populated by the Chin people who like their neighbors to the west are a Laimi people. In addition to subsistence agriculture the Chin raided the villages of the Burman on the plains of the Myittha and Chindwin rivers, as well as each other. In 1888, the British began a military campaign to end these raids which resulted in pacification of the province by 1896, and it was administratively added to Burma as a special division.</p><br>
<p>In the Second World War the hills formed a point of armed conflict between Japanese forces and a combined British and Indian force.</p><br>
<p>Phawngpui , also known as Blue Mountain is the highest mountain peak in the Lushai Hills and in the state of Mizoram, with an elevation of 2157 m. It is located in Lawngtlai District, in the southeastern region of Mizoram near the Myanmar border.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Phawngpui is the highest peak of the Lushai Hills. There is a semi-circular series of cliffs on the western side called Thlazuang Khàm, which have a sharp and deep fall, and serve as the natural home of mountain goats. These cliffs are believed to be haunted by spirits. On the peak, there is a level ground of about 2 km in area.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology and origin</h2><br>
<p>A highly revered peak, considered to be the abode of local deities, Phawngpui was a major centre of folk religion and location for folklore stories. The name is derived from the Lai language, phong meaning "grassland" or "meadow", and the suffix -pui meaning, "great". This was because the mountain was mostly covered with all types of meadows, hence appropriately the "great meadow". The mountain was, according to the belief of the natives, the abode of several spiritual races. The most important folktale, perhaps, is that of a deity king named "Sangau&quot the actual town at the base of the mountain has become Sangau. Sangau had a son who married the princess of another royal family called Cherian. At the wedding was an exchange of gifts, a couple of hoolock gibbons from Sangau and a pine tree from Cherian. The base area, the main entrance of the mountain bears that name Farpak (meaning "pine only").</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Since 1992 the mountain has been included in the protected area of the Phawngpui National Park, one of only two national parks of India in Mizoram. The Government of Mizoram allows ecofriendly visit to the mountain only during November to April.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The area is encircled by matted bamboo groves and other alluring vegetations. There are varieties of butterflies, including some rare species found in this region. The Farpak area in Phawngpui is a huge grassland adjacent to a cliff area where one can sight birds like peregrine falcon, Blyths tragopan, sunbirds, grey sibia, golden-throated barbet, Mrs. Humes pheasant, hornbill, dark-rumped swift, mountain bamboo partridge, black eagle and other birds. The very rare clouded leopard has been recorded in the Farpak area since 1997. There have been instances of wild orchids being stolen from Phawngpui, efforts are being taken to protect and conserve it.</p><br>
<p>Lankayan Island  is a small tropical coral resort island in Beluran, Sabah, Malaysia in the Sulu Sea.</p><br>
<p>Lankayan Island has many species of attractive flora and fauna. The only resort on the island, Lankayan Island Dive Resort, was built in 1997. Divers are attracted by myriad macro marine life, coral and sunken wrecks. Lankayan Island is known for its whale shark sightings.</p><br>
<p>The fauna that inhabit the waters of the island include scads, yellow tail barracudas, and jacks. Other fauna include blacktip sharks, giant clams, claw anemone fishes, decorator and spider crabs, coral shrimps, nudibranchs, prawn gobies, seahorses, ghost pipefish, flying gurnards, parrotfishes, rays and guitarfish. The indigenous plants include casuarina trees and pandan screwpine.</p><br>
<p>Green and hawksbill sea turtles make this island a key nesting spot in the Sulu Sea. The turtles are banded by the local marine preserve staff, the eggs are retrieved and counted, and then reburied in a fenced off nursery area to prevent poaching and predation, and to assist in documenting turtle productivity. After hatching, the live birth count is recorded and then the young turtles are safely released to sea.</p><br>
<p>On 13 October 2003, Lankayan Island was declared part of the Sugud Islands Marine Conservation Area (SIMCA). As part of SIMCA, all resource harvesting (fishing etc.) will be prohibited by the state government of Sabah, Malaysia.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The transfer to Lankayan is by speedboat departing from the Sandakan Yacht Club and takes about two hours.</p><br>
<p>Zemu Glacier is the largest glacier in the Eastern Himalaya.</p><br>
<p>It is about 26 km in length and is located at the base of Kangchenjunga in the Sikkim Himalaya, India. It may be one of the sources for the Teesta River.</p><br>
<p>The Zemu Glacier drains the east side of Kanchenjunga, the world’s third highest mountain. The glacier is the source of water for numerous rivers, as it feeds them when it melts. One of them is the Teesta River, which has garnered large attention in the past few years because of a proposed 3500 mW hydropower plant. At the moment the Government of Sikkim has only been able to run a 510 mW plant on the river. Owing to the location of the river in an earthquake prone area, the hydropower plants will be a run of the river project.</p><br>
<p>Zemu Glacier remains a less studied and monitored glacier. Studying digital imagery shows that the glacier has receded 27 meters every year between 1967-1984. The retreat is not massive given the great length of the glacier. There is a thick layer of debris on the glacier, preventing ablation: there are, however, small lakes that have formed on the surface of these debris-covered sections of the glacier.</p><br>
<h2>Changes and Threats</h2><br>
<p>Zemu Glacier has seen significant retreat in recent years. The lateral moraine ridges on either side of the glacier are on average 150 feet high. These ridges were created during the Little Ice Age advance. Lateral moraines never get higher than glacier surfaces that create them. This means that the underside of the glacier has thinned by 150 feet in the last century.</p><br>
<p>Another problem on the glacier is the disappearance of its tributaries. Many of its tributaries no longer meet it. This deprives the glacier of a significant portion of its former ice sources. The head of the glacier is fed by debris from the Kanchenjunga slopes. The lower 18 km of the glacier is an ablation zone where melting is immense. Recent studies have shown that between 2000 and 2013 the surrounding glaciers of the Zemu have shrunk drastically, reducing the source for the main glacier and increasing the risk of its shrinkage.</p><br>
<p>Ye Olde Union Oyster House, open to diners since 1826, is amongst the oldest operating restaurants in the United States of America, and the oldest that has been continuously operating since being opened. It is located at 41–43 Union Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on May 27, 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building itself was built prior to 1714, most likely in 1704. Before it became a restaurant, Hopestill Capen&#39;s dress goods business occupied the property. In 1771 printer Isaiah Thomas published his newspaper, The Massachusetts Spy, from the second floor. The restaurant originally opened as the Atwood & Bacon Oyster House on August 3, 1826.</p><br>
<p>The Union Oyster House has a number of famous people in history as diners, including the Kennedy clan and Daniel Webster. Webster was known for regularly consuming at least six plates of oysters. Perhaps most surprising, in 1796 Louis Philippe, king of France from 1830 to 1848, lived in exile on the second floor. He earned his living by teaching French to young women. Labor economist and president of Haverford College John Royston Coleman worked here incognito as a "salad-and-sandwich man" for a time in the 1970s and documented the experience in his book The Blue Collar Journal.</p><br>
<p>The food is traditional New England fare, including seafoods such as oysters, clams, and lobsters, as well as poultry, baked beans, steak and chops. The toothpick was said to have been popularized in America starting at the Oyster House.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>St. George&#39;s Harbour is a natural harbour in the north of Bermuda. It serves as the port for the town of St. George&#39;s, located on St. George&#39;s Island, to its north. To its south is St. David&#39;s Island. The harbour and both islands lie within St. George&#39;s Parish. It was for two centuries the primary harbour of the British Overseas Territory.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The harbour separates St. Georges Island in the north and west from St. Davids Island in the south and east. Several other islands lie to the south and east, closing the harbour from the open sea to the east, and separating it from Smiths Sound, to the South. It is open to the Atlantic Ocean at Gunner Bay in the northeast, where its mouth is guarded by numerous islands, notably Smiths and Paget Islands. The waters of Bermuda are also protected by coral reef, which can be perilous to sailors. Several other islands lie within the harbour, notably the historically important Ordnance Island. In the south, a long channel, Ferry Reach, links the harbour with another opening to the Atlantic Ocean and the picturesque Castle Harbour.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original channel used by shipping to access the harbour lies to the south of Paget Island. This was replaced a century ago by dredging out the passage to the north of Paget Island. At the time, the dredging of that passage had been necessary for St. Georges to remain a viable port as steam replaced sail (permission for the dredging had to be granted by the Secretary of State for Defence as it would have enabled easier landing of an invading force. approval for this project, and for American investment into the Princess Hotel, was withheld til the Parliament of Bermuda agreed to raise a part-time reserve for the British army units in Bermuda). Most freight, today, is offloaded at Hamilton, but St. George&#39;s is still used for offloading of gravel and other consignments, by cruise ships visiting the Old Town, and it is the only port of entry for yachts, which must clear H.M. Customs and Bermuda Immigration at Ordnance Island before visiting other parts of the archipelago.</p><br>
<p>To enter St. Georges Harbour, sailors must fly a yellow quarantine flag, and navigate the ship towards the Customs dock. Boaters who dont bring their vessel through customs will be fined. Before passing through Bermuda customs, visitors must declare all medicines, and cannot bring fruits or vegetables into the country. Animals are only allowed to be brought to Bermuda if they have proof of health and a permit from the Bermuda Department of Environmental Protection.</p><br>
<p>The shore of St. Georges Harbour was the site of the first settlements in Bermuda, which occurred in the early 17th century. The crew and passengers of the Sea Venture, driven onto the reefs off St. Catherines Point in 1609, stayed on St. Georges Island for nearly a year. When most departed, two men remained behind on Smiths Island, where a third rejoined them, later. When the first intentional settlers arrived from England in 1609, they settled very briefly on St. Davids Island, before moving across the Harbour to create St. Georges, the oldest continuously-inhabited English settlement in the New World. The harbour was well fortified during this time, as can still be seen in the several period forts located nearby.</p><br>
<p>The 19th Century saw the establishment of a Royal Naval base in Bermuda. Initially this was in St. Georges Harbour, with the Royal Navy operating from facilities in Convict Bay (so called due to the prison hulks moored there) and within St. Georges town. This build up began in 1795, but a decade later, the Royal Navy was actively developing the dockyard on Ireland Island, and it soon withdrew from St. Georges completely. The buildup of the dockyard at the West End of the archipelago still resulted in considerable defence infrastructure around St. Georges, at the East End, however, as this was the gateway through the surrounding reefs to all of Bermuda. In addition to the 17th and 18th century forts built by the militia, there are many 19th and 20th Century forts and batteries built by the regular British Army on the islands surrounding the harbour, for which Ordnance Island was the primary ammunition depot. The various surviving East End forts, batteries and other military structures, together with the old capital, have been declared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as a World Heritage Site, the Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda.</p><br>
<p>Siccar Point is a rocky promontory in the county of Berwickshire on the east coast of Scotland.</p><br>
<p>It is famous in the history of geology for Hutton&#39;s Unconformity found in 1788, which James Hutton regarded as conclusive proof of his uniformitarian theory of geological development.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Siccar Point was the site of a dun, or small hill fort, in the territory of the ancient Britons.</p><br>
<p>Siccar Point is now in the parish of Cockburnspath but was formerly in the parish of Old Cambus, from which the ancient parish church of St Helen&#39;s Chapel survives as a ruin about one kilometre to the west of the point. The church is built in a Romanesque style, in a mixture of Old Red Sandstone believed to have been quarried from the nearby Greenheugh Bay and of the greywacke rock also used in the drystone dyke forming the field boundaries. It is likely that the medieval village of Old Cambus was nearer to Siccar Point than the extant hamlet of Old Cambus.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the point twentieth-century quarrying for greywacke to be used as roadstone left a hollow named Old Cambus Quarry which is now occupied by a vegetable distribution warehouse complex.</p><br>
<h2>Hutton's Unconformity</h2><br>
<p>Siccar Point is famous in the history of geology as a result of a boat trip in 1788 in which James Hutton, with James Hall and John Playfair, observed the angular unconformity which Hutton regarded as conclusive proof of his uniformitarian theory of geological development. Gently sloping strata of 370-million-year-old Famennian Late Devonian Old Red Sandstone and a basal layer of conglomerate overlie near vertical layers of 435-million-year-old lower Silurian Llandovery Epoch greywacke, with an interval of around 65 million years.</p><br>
<p>Woodford Island is an inland island in the Far-North Coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is formed by the Clarence River where it splits into the South Arm and North Arm at the small village of Brushgrove then reforms at the town of Maclean. The island covers 37 km2.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>There are three ways on and off the island, two bridges, one at the southern end in Brushgrove and the other at the northern end that gives access to Maclean.</p><br>
<p>There is a ferry that connects Lawrence to the western side of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Woodford Island is mostly flood plain which supports the primary industries of sugar cane and milk producing cattle. A small fishing fleet ply the Clarence River. There are a few small businesses, however, most residents travel off the island to Maclean or Grafton for goods and services.</p><br>
<h2>People and geography</h2><br>
<p>There is approximately 900 people living on the island. Through its almost exact centre is a mountain ridge. The rest is plains which is subjected to periodic flooding. The largest town is Brushgrove at the south of the island. It holds major aboriginal significance in the area and the aboriginal village of Ilarwill.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Woodford Island was one of the first places inhabited by Europeans on the Far-North Coast. Original settler John Small was attracted to the abundance of Australian Redcedar. The town of Brushgrove was once a major trading hub for timber, sugar and other agriculture goods due to its location on the Clarence River. This brought tremendous wealth to area and at one time the island supported many schools, a police station, many businesses and other utilities. However, due to the development of road and train infrastructure, the town has dwindled in size over the past century.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interests</h2><br>
<p>Tourist drive 22 travels across the island starting at the Lawrence Car Ferry and ending at the McFarlane Bridge that enters Maclean. .</p><br>
<p>The bridge was named after John McFarlane local member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.</p><br>
<p>The island is broken up into areas being-</p><br>
<p>Woodford dale (The last school on the island)</p><br>
<p>Woodford lea</p><br>
<p>Brushgrove (Old, police station, post office, pub, shops)</p><br>
<p>Ilarwill ( aboriginal village, old quarry boat shed)</p><br>
<p>Tyndale</p><br>
<p>South arm</p><br>
<p>As well as many of property name like yakalo on the Lawrence side of the island</p><br>
<p>Maclean District Golf Course is on the island.</p><br>
<p>Hermitt Cave,</p><br>
<p>Small&#39;s Pioneer Cemetery,</p><br>
<p>Old Schools,</p><br>
<p>Abandoned Quarry.</p><br>
<p>Police station.</p><br>
<p>Radio towers.</p><br>
<p>Cane fields.</p><br>
<p>And the mighty Clarence River</p><br>
<h2>Interesting alleged fact</h2><br>
<p>It is claimed Woodford Island is the largest inland island in the Southern Hemisphere with its own mountain range.. It is however smaller than many river islands in South America and Africa. It is in fact the largest Non-Delta (not formed from river sedimentation) river island in the Southern Hemisphere.</p><br>
<p>Monte Zappi  is a peak in the Monti Lucretili, in Lazio, central Italy. It has an elevation of 1,271 m and is the highest peak visible from Rome looking westwards. It is located in the province of Rome, in the communal territories of Palombara Sabina and San Polo dei Cavalieri.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is likely identifiable with the Lucretili Mons mentioned by Horace as visible from his Sabine farm, and probably identical with the Mons Lucretius mentioned in the Liber Pontificalis, which speaks of possessio in territorio Sabinensi quae cognominatur ad duas casas sub monte Lucretio in the time of Constantine. The name ad duas casas is supposed to survive in the chapel of the Madonna della Casa near Rocca Giovane, and the Mons Lucretilis is generally (and rightly) identified with Monte Gennaro, a limestone peak 4,160 ft high, which forms a prominent feature in the view northeast of Rome. Excavations on the supposed site of Horace&#39;s farm were begun in September 1909.</p><br>
<p>Baiyang Lake, also known as Lake Baiyangdian, is located in the Xiong&#39;an New Area of Baoding, a prefecture-level city in Hebei Province, China. It is the largest freshwater lake in northern China. It is referred to as the Kidney of North China.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>Baiyang Lake brings together nine of the upper reaches of the river water.</p><br>
<p>The lake is home to about 50 varieties of fish and multiple varieties of wild geese, duck, and birds. The lake and side parks also are home to a vast number of lotus, reed and other plants. From harvesting the fauna and flora of the lake, the locals make a living.</p><br>
<p>Due to drought and over-exploitation of groundwater, as well as problems of industrial wastewater since the 1980s, faced with the test of water shortages and pollution of ecological problems to Baiyang lake, the city government of Baoding plans to solve this problem in ten years at a cost of 8 billion Yuan (year 2006).</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Baiyang Lake is about two hours by bullet train from Beijing. It is a national and international tourist attraction flaunting its peaceful water scenes and vast lotus gardens. Hand-driven and motorized boats are available for small to medium-sized groups; large motorized boats are available for large groups usually accompanied by a tour guide. Tourists can travel by boat into waters full of lotuses and pick seeds, leaves, and flowers. They can also stop by boats or islands and buy local seafood. It is classified as a AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration. Islands on the lake host local restaurants that cook with local ingredients and hotels for the overnight tourist.</p><br>
<h2>In Literature</h2><br>
<p>Baiyangdian is the setting for one of the classics in Chinese children&#39;s literature Little Soldier Zhang Ga by Xu Guangyao.</p><br>
<p>Bosten Lake  is a freshwater lake on the northeastern rim of the Tarim Basin, about 20 km east of Yanqi and 57 km northeast of Korla, Xinjiang, China in the Bayin&#39;gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. Covering an area of about 1,000 km&sup2; , it is the largest lake in Xinjiang and one of the largest inland freshwater lakes in China. Bosten lake receives water inflow from a catchment area of 56,000 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s Uyghur and Chinese names are sometimes rendered as Bosten Hu, Bagrax-hu, Bagrasch-köl, Baghrasch köl, Bagratsch-kul, Bositeng Lake or Bositeng Hu.</p><br>
<p>The Kaidu River is the most important tributary to Lake Bosten, accounting for about 83% of its water inflow,</p><br>
<p>An active fishery exists on the lake. Until the early 1970s, two cyprinid species, Schizothorax biddulphi and Aspiorhynchus laticeps, the latter of which is endemic to Bosten Lake and the Yarkand River, were responsible for 80 percent of the annual catch. During the years 1962 to 1965, other various carp species (bighead, black, silver, grass, common, and crucian carp) were introduced into the lake. In the 1970s, these species become major targets of the fishing activities. Since 1978, the European perch has been the dominating species in the catches from Bosten Lake.</p><br>
